Katalyzers Question Bank

Craft and Structure

Hard

The most obvious sign that the speaker is speaking directly to the reader is the use of the word "you." There are other elements of the passage that may help to make the speaker seem more immediate and personal. The speaker refers to events and places that are familiar to the reader, and the speaker uses a conversational tone throughout the passage. What is the most likely reason why the writer uses the word "you"?

In this passage, the word "you" is used to

Craft and Structure

Hard

The excerpt below is taken from a contemporary novel. The character, named Lily, is a young woman who is in the process of moving into a new home. "The moving boxes were piled high in the living room. It was all so much more than just boxes, though. It was the culmination of months of planning and saving. It was a whole new chapter in her life, a chance to start fresh. It was a home for her and her partner, a place to build a future together. It was...well, it was a lot of things." As used in the excerpt, what does "It was...well, it was a lot of things" most nearly mean?

The phrase "It was...well, it was a lot of things" is used to

Craft and Structure

Hard

The author begins by listing the events and people that are considered to be important to the topic. The author then goes on to explain how those events and people are connected to the main idea of the passage. The author ends by summarizing the main idea of the passage. The text is straightforward and informative. What is the most likely reason why the author uses this structure?

The author uses this structure to

Craft and Structure

Hard

The passage is about the impact of social media on relationships. The first paragraph describes how social media can be used to maintain relationships, especially with people who live far away. The second paragraph, however, presents a different perspective on social media, arguing that it can also lead to negative consequences for relationships. What is the effect of the author's use of contrasting paragraphs?

The author's use of contrasting paragraphs helps to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The article "The Importance of Reading" explains that readers are often drawn to certain books because of their emotional power. The author argues that reading can help us to understand our own emotions and the emotions of others. The author also describes how reading can help us to develop empathy. For example, the author describes how reading a novel about a character who is grieving can help us to understand the feelings of someone who is grieving. What is the most likely reason why the author includes the example of reading a novel about a character who is grieving?

The example of reading a novel about a character who is grieving is most likely included in order to

Craft and Structure

Hard

The passage describes a scientific study about the effects of a particular treatment on a certain group of people. The author uses the word "however" to indicate a shift in focus from the overall results of the study to a particular aspect of the study. The author also uses the word "because" to explain why the study’s findings may not apply to everyone.

What is the most likely reason the author uses the word "however" in this passage?

Craft and Structure

Hard

The author states that “the first time I saw the ocean, it was an entirely different experience than I expected.” What is the most likely reason why the author uses this sentence to begin the paragraph?

The author uses the sentence “the first time I saw the ocean, it was an entirely different experience than I expected” to

Craft and Structure

Hard

The novel’s central themes are revealed through the characterization of the protagonist, a man named John. The author uses a variety of literary devices to highlight John’s personality and motivations. For example, the author uses vivid imagery to portray John’s sense of isolation and alienation. The author also uses dialogue to reveal John’s inner thoughts and feelings. What is the effect of the author’s use of dialogue in this passage?

In the excerpt, the author’s use of dialogue most likely serves to

Craft and Structure

Hard

In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, Okonkwo is a leader of Umuofia (a fictional Nigerian clan) and takes pride in his culture’s traditions. However, when the arrival of European missionaries brings changes to Umuofia, the novel asks a central question: How will Umuofia’s traditions be affected? This question is introduced by the phrase "How will...?" What is the most likely reason why the author introduces the question in this way?

The use of the phrase "How will...?" is most likely intended to

Craft and Structure

Hard

In the following excerpt from a novel, the narrator describes a character's emotional state. "My mind has been a whirlwind. I've been trying to understand what happened, but everything is so jumbled. I feel like I'm drowning in a sea of confusion." What is the most likely purpose of the phrase "drowning in a sea of confusion"?

The phrase "drowning in a sea of confusion" most likely functions to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author of the passage is an academic scholar who is trying to convince the reader that the study of language has significance beyond the realm of understanding communication. The author's goal is to convince the reader that language can be seen as a creative force that is similar to art and music. This is evident by the speaker's use of specific examples of linguistic elements and by the speaker's use of a personal tone throughout the passage. Why is the author of this passage focusing on the impact of language on society?

The author of this passage most likely focuses on the impact of language on society because

Craft and Structure

Hard

The author makes a clear contrast between the two people’s lives by describing the activities that they typically engage in. In the first paragraph, the author suggests that the former astronaut is often busy with many things that require her to be on the move. In the second paragraph, the author describes the other person as leading a more settled existence, one that is primarily focused on his work. This is a common pattern in writing. Writers will often use contrast to help readers understand the differences between two people, places, or ideas. How does the author use contrast to help the reader understand the two people’s lives?

The author contrasts the two people’s lives by

Craft and Structure

Hard

The writer uses a combination of vivid imagery and concrete detail to create a sense of place. For example, the writer describes the “cool air” of the mountains, the “green grass” of the valley, and the “winding roads” that lead to the town. What is the most likely reason the writer uses sensory details?

The writer's use of sensory details in this passage most likely serves to

Craft and Structure

Hard

In the novel "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the narrator Nick Carraway, who is originally from the Midwest, has recently moved to the East Coast. He is intrigued by the lavish lifestyle of the wealthy people he encounters there, particularly by the enigmatic Jay Gatsby. Gatsby is known for throwing extravagant parties at his mansion, but no one truly knows his past or his true intentions. The novel explores themes of love, loss, wealth, and the American Dream. The reader is presented with a perspective of the Roaring Twenties, a time period of great social and economic change. What is the primary effect of the narrator's limited knowledge of Gatsby's past on the novel?

The narrator's limited knowledge of Gatsby's past primarily serves to

Information and Ideas

Hard

Although many people believe that the purpose of history is to learn about the past, historians often use historical events and figures to explore contemporary issues. By studying historical events, they can illuminate the complexities of the present and offer insights into the challenges and opportunities of the future. Examining the past also allows them to identify patterns and trends that can help them understand how society has evolved and to predict future developments.

The passage suggests that historians use historical events and figures to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author's use of the phrase "the other" in the text suggests that the author is trying to demonstrate a distinction between two groups. What two groups is the author trying to distinguish? In the early nineteenth century, the upper class in America was enamored with the beauty and simplicity of the natural world. It seemed that the middle class, by contrast, was drawn to the "artificial" wonders of the city. The upper class would often take long walks in the woods, or spend days sailing on rivers and lakes, while the middle class would fill their leisure hours with social events and theatrical performances. The author, perhaps, is trying to make a point about the differences between two groups, one group that is more interested in the natural world, and the other group that is more interested in the "artificial" world.

What two groups does the author distinguish in this passage?

Craft and Structure

Hard

The essay begins with a vivid anecdote about the author's childhood experiences with a pet dog. The author then goes on to discuss the universal themes of loss and grief, drawing connections between those themes and the author's personal experiences with the dog. Finally, the essay ends with a reflective conclusion that emphasizes the enduring nature of love and memory. Which choice best describes the function of the anecdote in the essay as a whole?

The anecdote at the beginning of the essay primarily serves to

Information and Ideas

Hard

In the early 1900s, the American writer Gertrude Stein was part of a group of artists and writers who worked in Paris. She was known for her experimental and abstract writing, and her works were often challenging and difficult to understand. Stein was a pioneer in using language in a new way, and she helped to shape the course of modern literature. Her use of repetition, short sentences, and unusual word order helped to create a sense of immediacy and directness in her writing. What is the most likely reason why Stein’s writing was often “challenging and difficult to understand”?

Which choice best describes the reason Stein’s writing was often challenging and difficult to understand?

Expression of Ideas

Hard

This passage is an excerpt from a book about the history of the United States. The author is discussing the different ways that people have interpreted American history. The author notes that some historians have focused on the importance of individual people and events. However, the author argues that it is also important to understand the broader context in which those events took place. What is the most likely reason why the author uses the word "however"?

The author uses the word "however" to

Craft and Structure

Hard

The author uses a series of short, declarative sentences to describe the initial setting, which creates a sense of urgency and immediacy. This is in contrast to the longer, more descriptive sentences used later in the passage, which create a more contemplative and reflective tone. What is the effect of the author's use of short, declarative sentences in the beginning of the passage?

The author's use of short, declarative sentences in the beginning of the passage primarily serves to

Information and Ideas

Hard

While the author of the text 1 believes that this is a positive development for the community, the author of text 2 presents a more cautious viewpoint, emphasizing the potential drawbacks of this new technology. Although text 1 highlights the advantages of increased efficiency and the potential to reduce costs, text 2 cautions that the technology could lead to job displacement and a decrease in economic opportunities. What is the most likely reason the authors of text 1 and text 2 have such different viewpoints?

Which choice best describes the difference in the authors’ viewpoints?

Information and Ideas

Hard

As a young child, I struggled to learn the names of my classmates. Each day, I felt a sense of panic, convinced that if I couldn’t remember their names, I would somehow be ostracized. Each day, I would scramble to memorize the list of faces and names, but I couldn’t seem to hold on to the information for long. My parents often helped me, but even their assistance proved unsuccessful. I was desperate for a method to learn the names, and I felt a sense of profound relief when I discovered that I only needed to make small connections to their names to remember them. For example, if I could find a connection to the first letter of the name, such as a classmate with big eyes named Eric, I could easily remember his name. This method, which involved associating their names with a physical or personal trait, was a simple solution that I could use to retain the information in my memory. What is the most likely reason the writer includes the detail about the classmate named Eric?

The detail about Eric is included to

Craft and Structure

Hard

Raymond Antrobus, an accomplished poet and writer of prose, recently released his debut spoken word poetry album, The First Time I Wore Hearing Aids, in collaboration with producer Ian Brennan. The album contains both autobiographical and reflective pieces combining Antrobus’s spoken words with Brennan’s fragmented audio elements and pieces of music to convey how people who are deaf may experience sound, both its presence and absence. Some critics suggest that the album questions the function of sound in the world, highlighting that the experience of sound is multifaceted.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author of the passage is making the point that "The meaning of a word can change over time." They illustrate this point by giving an example of the word “nice.” The author then goes on to explain how the meaning of “nice” has shifted and that this shift has been brought about by a number of factors. What is the most likely reason why the author describes the meaning of "nice" in such detail?

In this passage, the author describes the meaning of the word “nice” in such detail to

Craft and Structure

Hard

The passage details the process of writing a screenplay, starting with the development of a basic story idea and moving through outlining, character development, and finally to the final draft. The writer suggests that one important step in this process is to create a visual representation of the story, such as a storyboard, and that this can help the writer to understand the story better. Which choice best describes the organizational structure of the passage?

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the passage?

Craft and Structure

Hard

The use of the word "however" in the sentence "They had not spoken in a long time, however, they still had a lot to talk about" signals that the information in this sentence contrasts with the information in the previous sentence. In the sentence, the word "however" serves as a

In this sentence, the word “however” serves as a

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author explains that "the most effective way to create a physically stimulating environment is to design disorienting spaces." This statement is supported by the fact that the filmmaker Nobu Yamaoka lived in the apartment building for four years, experiencing the disorienting design firsthand, and reported significant health benefits from his experience. However, the author acknowledges that the design is "impractical." The author’s use of the word "impractical" is most likely intended to

Which choice best explains the author’s use of the word "impractical"?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author discusses the history and the social significance of the traditional practice of "bushwhacking." This practice is a kind of guerrilla warfare that involves ambushes and hit-and-run attacks. The author argues that bushwhacking was often practiced by those who felt they had been wronged by a larger power, and that it was used to gain a tactical advantage over a more powerful enemy. The author suggests that bushwhacking was more than just a military tactic, and that it was also a way for marginalized people to express their resistance to oppression. What is the most likely reason why the author includes this discussion of bushwhacking?

The author’s discussion of bushwhacking serves primarily to

Craft and Structure

Hard

The author uses the phrase "a sense of accomplishment" to refer to the feeling that people experience when they complete a task. This phrase is used to emphasize the positive aspect of completing a task, even if the task was relatively easy. The author could have used other phrases to describe the feeling of completing a task. For example, the author could have used the phrase "a feeling of satisfaction" or "a feeling of pride." However, the author chose to use the phrase "a sense of accomplishment" to specifically highlight the importance of completing a task, regardless of its difficulty. What is the most likely reason why the author chose to use the phrase "a sense of accomplishment"?

The author's use of the phrase "a sense of accomplishment" suggests that the author believes that

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author writes, “We need to be mindful of the ways in which our own experiences can shape our perceptions and beliefs. We are all susceptible to biases and assumptions, but by acknowledging these tendencies, we can strive to create more inclusive and equitable understanding.” What is the author’s main point in this passage?

In this excerpt, the author is suggesting that

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author’s primary purpose is to suggest that the current approach to teaching reading is outdated and ineffective and to offer an alternative approach. The author argues that traditional methods of teaching reading focus on phonics and decoding skills, but that these methods often fail to teach students how to read with fluency, comprehension, and engagement. The author suggests that a more effective approach to teaching reading would involve the use of a wider range of strategies, including the use of literature, the integration of technology, and the development of critical thinking skills. The author concludes the passage by urging teachers to adopt this more holistic approach to teaching reading, arguing that it will lead to more engaged and successful readers. Which choice most effectively summarizes the author’s argument?

The author’s argument can best be summarized as a claim that

Information and Ideas

Hard

The novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is one of the most famous works of American literature. Its themes of love, loss, and the American Dream have resonated with readers for generations. The novel's central character, Jay Gatsby, is a self-made millionaire who throws lavish parties in the hopes of winning back his former love, Daisy Buchanan. However, Gatsby's pursuit of Daisy is ultimately futile, as he is unable to escape his past and the social barriers that divide him from her. Fitzgerald's use of symbolism and imagery in the novel help to underscore the novel's powerful themes.

What is the most likely reason Fitzgerald uses symbolism and imagery in The Great Gatsby?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author writes, "But the only time I see an actual, living, breathing human is when I see the dog's reflection in the glass." What does this passage tell us about the speaker?

This passage most likely suggests that the speaker is

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author argues that the popularity of social media has led to a decline in the quality of interpersonal communication. They suggest that people are less likely to communicate in depth when they are communicating in writing, and that people are more likely to focus on the outward appearance of their communication rather than its substance. The author also suggests that people have become less patient and more demanding in their communication habits, and that they are more likely to be offended by criticism. What is the best evidence from the passage that the popularity of social media is related to a decline in the quality of interpersonal communication?

Which of the following pieces of evidence from the passage most directly supports the idea that the popularity of social media is related to a decline in the quality of interpersonal communication?

Craft and Structure

Hard

The author’s main point is that one’s memories of a particular event can be altered by later experiences. The author begins the passage by describing a specific personal experience. Later, the author introduces a broader discussion of human memory. The author ends the passage by emphasizing the connection between the author’s personal experience and the broader discussion of human memory. What is the most likely reason why the author introduces a broader discussion of human memory?

In this passage, the author’s discussion of human memory is most likely intended to

Craft and Structure

Hard

The following passage is from the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain: "I do believe he cared just as much for his people as white folks do for their'n. It don't seem natural, but I reckon it's so." How does this passage reflect Twain’s use of irony?

The irony in this passage comes from the fact that

Information and Ideas

Hard

Although many historians consider the development of the printing press to be a watershed moment in the history of Western civilization, some historians argue that its impact was much less significant than is commonly believed. They point out that printing was only one factor in the larger revolution in communication that occurred in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was the invention of the printing press that revolutionized knowledge and information sharing, but it wasn't the only factor. The development of a more literate population, for example, played a key role in the dissemination of knowledge. What is the most likely reason why the writer uses the phrase "less significant than is commonly believed?"

The phrase "less significant than is commonly believed" is used to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author's argument is based on the idea that there is a difference between being in nature and experiencing nature. For example, a traveler passing through a forest may see the trees and the animals, but they may not truly experience the forest. To experience the forest, the traveler must engage with it on a deeper level. This can be done by spending time in the forest, observing the details of the environment, and reflecting on the meaning of the forest. What is the most likely reason why the author uses this example?

The author uses the example of the traveler passing through a forest to

Craft and Structure

Hard

The author's central idea is to show that the use of a simple, straightforward style is not always the most effective way to write. The author uses a variety of rhetorical devices, including metaphors, similes, and personification, to make his point. The author’s use of the word “you,” as in the sentence “you will find that the style of your writing can be more effective, but it may also be more difficult to read,” is a deliberate choice to make the reader feel more involved in the process of writing. This is because, by speaking directly to the reader in a way that feels more personal and intimate, the writer is able to create a greater sense of connection with the reader. The passage, however, lacks a conclusion.

Which of the following best describes the author's use of the word "you" in the sentence "you will find that the style of your writing can be more effective, but it may also be more difficult to read"?

Craft and Structure

Hard

The author uses vivid imagery and specific details to help the reader understand the setting. For example, the author describes the “smooth, worn stone” of the path and the “sweet smell of pine needles” in the air. The author also uses figurative language, such as the simile “the trees stood like giants” and the metaphor “the forest was a living tapestry.” What is the most likely reason why the writer uses imagery and specific details?

The author’s use of vivid imagery and specific details most likely serves to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author suggests that the way in which we perceive a work of art is influenced by our knowledge of the world. The author provides the example of a painting of a man holding a glass of wine. Some people, the author suggests, might find the painting to be elegant and refined, while others might find it to be mundane and common. What is the most likely reason why the author offers this example?

The example of the painting of a man holding a glass of wine is most likely used to illustrate the idea that

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author uses the phrase "a different kind of power" to describe the power of storytelling. The author suggests that storytelling is a powerful tool that can be used to connect people, inspire change, and create understanding. The author also suggests that storytelling can be used to challenge the status quo and to make people think differently about the world. What is the author's purpose in using this phrase?

By using the phrase "a different kind of power," the author is most likely trying to

Information and Ideas

Hard

In this excerpt from a book of memoirs, the writer describes his experience with loneliness. He finds it difficult to relate to others, but he also is aware of how others are likely to relate to him. In that sense, his experience with loneliness is not simply a personal struggle, but a more complex reflection of how society works. What is the most likely reason why the writer includes the idea that his experience with loneliness is not simply a personal struggle, but a more complex reflection of how society works?

The writer most likely includes this idea in the excerpt to

Information and Ideas

Hard

Some argue that the current trend in popular music has led to a decline in creativity. They point out that the music industry has become more focused on producing songs that are likely to be commercially successful, rather than songs that are innovative or challenging. Others argue that the rise of streaming services has actually led to a wider range of music being available to listeners, and that the current trend in popular music has made it easier for artists to experiment with new sounds and styles. Which of the following statements best reflects the viewpoint of the argument that the current trend in popular music has led to a decline in creativity?

Which of the following statements best reflects the viewpoint of the argument that the current trend in popular music has led to a decline in creativity?

Information and Ideas

Hard

Although the novel’s plot is complex and ambitious, the novel’s greatest strength is the author’s ability to create richly imagined, unforgettable characters. For example, the central character, a young woman named Mina, is given a vivid and compelling portrait, filled with contradictions and nuances. The author’s use of dialogue adds a depth of characterization, revealing their inner lives and motivations.

Which choice best explains the overall effect of the author's focus on characterization in this passage?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author suggests that the popularity of the novel can be attributed to its depiction of a “destabilizing effect” on society. This is achieved through the novel’s use of “interpolated speech,” or characters’ speech interspersed within the narrative, to create a sense of realism. The author also suggests that this technique is a means for Black American authors to resist the constraints of “externally imposed literary conventions.” Which of the following best describes the author’s overall purpose in this passage?

The author’s main purpose in this passage is to

Craft and Structure

Hard

The writer's main point is that the use of social media in the classroom, while potentially beneficial, requires careful consideration. The author suggests that teachers need to think critically about the ways in which social media can be used to support learning and to avoid using it in ways that might distract or disengage students. What is the most likely reason the writer includes the sentence "Teachers need to think critically about the ways in which social media can be used to support learning and to avoid using it in ways that might distract or disengage students?"

The author includes the sentence "Teachers need to think critically about the ways in which social media can be used to support learning and to avoid using it in ways that might distract or disengage students" in order to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author is trying to show that while the two writers are very different, they are still linked by the shared experiences that shaped their work. Both authors write about the difficult lives of Black people in America. Both authors use a powerful and evocative style that helps to bring their stories to life. Which choice best describes the author's main point?

This passage suggests that the two writers

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author is most interested in the impact of the internet on the way information is spread, focusing on the ways that individuals have become more powerful in shaping and distributing information. One of the key points the author makes is that information is no longer solely controlled by institutions and governments. This can be seen, for example, in the rise of citizen journalism, where individuals are able to share their own observations and perspectives on current events. Another major point is that the internet has made it easier for people to access and share information from around the world, making the world a smaller and more interconnected place. The author also notes the downsides of the internet, such as the spread of misinformation and the erosion of trust in traditional sources of information. However, the author’s primary focus is on the positive ways that the internet has changed the way information is shared and how it has empowered individuals. What is the main point of the passage?

Which statement best describes the author’s main point?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author presents the idea that despite the technological advancement in the United States, the use of technology is not a panacea. "The problem is not a lack of technology. It's that we’ve always had technology, but we’ve never been good at thinking about what it actually means to be human and how technology can serve those ends." The author believes that technology is merely a tool, and it is up to humans to decide how to use it.

Which statement best reflects the author's argument?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author suggests that, despite the popularity of a modern, scientific approach to understanding the human brain, scientists should not abandon traditional, philosophical methods. The author argues that, because the human brain is so complex, it is more important to focus on understanding the "big picture" of what makes us human rather than merely studying the parts of the brain in isolation. The author concludes by stating that this approach will allow us to "achieve a more holistic and meaningful understanding of the brain." Which choice most accurately summarizes the author’s main idea?

The author of the passage suggests that

Information and Ideas

Hard

The poet Langston Hughes, a central figure in the Harlem Renaissance, was a prolific writer, and his poems often explored themes of race, identity, and the African American experience in the United States. Hughes’s poem "The Weary Blues" is a prime example of his work. "The Weary Blues" is a blues poem that uses a unique combination of traditional blues music and literary techniques to portray the weariness and resilience of African American life in the early 20th century. Which of the following statements best describes the main idea of the passage?

What is the main idea of this passage?

Information and Ideas

Hard

At first, the narrator describes the landscape as something that has “a certain quality of wildness,” and he notes that the trees in the landscape are “tall and dark.” The narrator then goes on to describe the “great, deep-blue pools” of the water that make up the landscape, writing that he has seen “nothing more beautiful” in any other part of the world. Based on this passage, which of the following most accurately describes the narrator’s initial impression of the landscape?

The narrator’s initial impression of the landscape can best be described as

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author of this passage argues that the process of writing can be liberating because it allows writers to explore their own perspectives and to challenge traditional ways of thinking. In support of this argument, the author cites the example of the writer James Baldwin, who used his writing to challenge racist and sexist ideas that were prevalent in American society. According to the author, Baldwin’s writing was a powerful force for change because it challenged the status quo and forced people to confront their own prejudices. The author concludes that the power of writing lies in its ability to help writers break free from the constraints of conventional thinking and to create new understandings of the world. What is the main idea of the passage?

What is the main idea of the passage?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author suggests that the modern-day understanding of the concept of "wilderness" has shifted from a focus on the idea of untouched nature to a focus on a more human-centric notion of wilderness. For example, the author notes that some people use the term "wilderness" to refer to areas that have been shaped by human activity, such as areas with logging roads or farming land. Which of the following best describes the author’s view of "wilderness"?

According to the author, how has the concept of "wilderness" changed?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The following passage describes a new approach to understanding human psychology. Traditionally, psychological research has sought to understand the mind by studying how it processes information, relying on controlled experiments and surveys. But a new generation of researchers, drawing on techniques from other fields, is shifting the focus. Instead of studying how people process information, these researchers are looking to understand how people navigate the world, focusing on how people interact with their environments and each other. One of the key insights of this approach is that people are not passive recipients of information, but rather active agents who shape their experiences. This perspective suggests that understanding human psychology requires understanding not just how people think but also how they act, how they create meaning, and how they build relationships. This new approach is challenging traditional views of human psychology. But it is also promising, offering the potential to deepen our understanding of the human condition and provide insights that can be used to improve people’s lives.

According to the passage, the new approach to understanding human psychology is based on the idea that

Craft and Structure

Hard

The article discusses the way in which the author’s family, in a remote area of Western China, uses a specific language for the purpose of sharing memories. In the passage, the author states, “In the evenings, my family would gather around the open fire. We would share stories of our ancestors and our lives, and my father would often say, ‘Your words are like a warm fire on a cold night.’ I would wonder how our stories would be passed down if we were not careful to preserve this language—and this way of life.” How does the author’s use of the word ‘preserve’ contribute to the main idea of the passage?

In this passage, the author’s use of the word ‘preserve’ primarily serves to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The following text is excerpted from a book about the effects of the Industrial Revolution on the United States. The Industrial Revolution led to the widespread adoption of factory production, which, in turn, encouraged the development of a new economic system known as capitalism. Capitalism is based on the principles of free enterprise, private ownership, and competition. These principles were largely absent from the preindustrial economies of Europe, where most production took place in the home or in small workshops. Because of this, capitalism's emergence in the United States led to a fundamental shift in the nation's economy and its social structure.

What is the primary focus of this passage?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The United States and Mexico have a shared history of close ties, particularly during the Spanish colonial era. In the 18th century, the Spanish colonized parts of what is now Mexico, and in the 19th century, the United States annexed vast territories from Mexico. This history of political and territorial conflict continues to influence the relationship between the two nations. However, the two countries have also developed deep economic and cultural ties. The United States is Mexico’s largest trading partner, and millions of Mexican immigrants have settled in the United States, contributing to the country’s cultural diversity. Despite the historical complexities, the relationship between the United States and Mexico is characterized by a mix of cooperation and conflict.

The author's primary purpose in this passage is to

Information and Ideas

Hard

In the late 19th century, the burgeoning field of scientific inquiry was profoundly shaped by the rise of Darwinism. However, the public’s reception of Darwin’s theories was not universally welcoming. In his book “The Descent of Man,” Charles Darwin, a prominent British naturalist, discussed the implications of natural selection, arguing that human beings, like other species, evolved over time. But Darwin’s work also introduced a provocative idea: humans shared a common ancestor with apes. This notion challenged long-held religious beliefs about the divine creation of humankind and sparked intense debate within the scientific community and beyond. The controversy surrounding Darwin’s theories exposed a fundamental conflict between scientific progress and traditional religious dogma, a conflict that continues to resonate in contemporary discussions about the nature of life and humanity.

What is the main idea of this passage?

Information and Ideas

Hard

It is often said that the most important thing in life is to "be yourself." This advice is well-intentioned, but it can also be harmful. If one always tries to "be themselves" without regard for the context or the needs of others, they may come across as selfish or insensitive. It is important to recognize that being yourself in a healthy way means striking a balance between your own needs and the needs of those around you. The key is to be true to yourself while also being considerate and respectful of others. If, for example, you are an introvert who enjoys spending time alone, you don’t need to force yourself to attend every party or social gathering. However, it is also important to be mindful of your friends and family members who may enjoy these events and who may be disappointed if you are always unavailable. What, therefore, is the primary message of this passage?

The passage suggests that

Craft and Structure

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While on his journey through the countryside, the narrator is struck by the beauty of his surroundings, particularly the river. He describes the river as a “serene and winding ribbon of water” that flows through the landscape, “a constant companion” to his travels. The narrator is also drawn to the birds that he sees, describing their songs as “sweet melodies that fill the air.” This description of the natural world conveys a sense of peace and tranquility, a feeling of being at one with nature. What is the most likely reason why the author uses the phrase “serene and winding ribbon of water” to describe the river?

The phrase "serene and winding ribbon of water" is used to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The passage describes a time when scientists were struggling to understand the nature of light. Scientists knew that light traveled in a straight line, but they were unsure of what light actually was. Some scientists believed that light was a wave, while others believed that light was a particle. The passage states that the discovery of the wave-particle duality of light provided a new understanding of the nature of light, but it also states that this discovery “did not provide a complete or final answer” to the question of what light is. What is the most likely reason why the passage states that the discovery of the wave-particle duality of light did not provide a complete or final answer to the question of what light is?

What is the most likely reason why the discovery of the wave-particle duality of light did not provide a complete or final answer to the question of what light is?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author presents a complex, challenging idea, suggesting that there are a myriad of factors that influence the way that people understand the world around them. The author argues that it is not enough to simply look at the surface of things, as there are often deeper meanings and connections that we might miss. The author’s point is that people need to be willing to explore the complexities of the world and to look for the deeper meanings that lie beneath the surface of things. The author also suggests that people should be open to different perspectives and to the idea that there may be more than one way to understand the world. What is the most likely reason why the author presents this idea in this passage?

The main purpose of the author presenting this complex idea is to

Information and Ideas

Hard

A new study suggests that a significant percentage of the human brain’s energy is devoted to supporting the process of thinking and learning. Scientists have long been aware that the brain consumes a large amount of the body’s energy, but this new study offers more granular insight into the particular processes that are most demanding of the brain’s energy. In fact, the researchers found that the brain uses a greater percentage of the body’s energy for thinking and learning than for any other activity, even at rest.

Which choice best describes the main idea of the passage?

Craft and Structure

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In the article, "The Problem with Happiness" by Dr. Emily Davis, Davis argues that the pursuit of happiness, as a primary goal, can be detrimental. Davis claims that happiness is a fleeting emotion that is difficult to maintain, and that constantly seeking it can lead to feelings of inadequacy and disappointment. Davis suggests that instead of focusing on happiness, individuals should aim for a life of meaning and purpose. What is the most likely reason Dr. Davis uses the word "fleeting" to describe happiness?

In this passage, the word "fleeting" is used to describe happiness because

Information and Ideas

Hard

Many scientific discoveries have been made by accident—while scientists were studying one thing, they stumbled upon something else entirely. One such example involves the discovery of penicillin, a powerful antibiotic that revolutionized medicine, by Alexander Fleming. While studying bacteria in 1928, Fleming left a petri dish of bacteria uncovered in a lab. When he returned, Fleming observed that a mold had grown in the dish, and that, surprisingly, the bacteria surrounding the mold had died. The discovery of penicillin provides a powerful illustration of how ______.

Which choice most logically completes the text above?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The poet Maya Angelou's poem "And Still I Rise" is a celebrated exploration of resilience in the face of adversity. It uses powerful imagery and vivid language to convey the enduring strength of the human spirit. The poem's message is one of hope and empowerment, encouraging readers to rise above challenges and embrace their own worth. What is the main idea of the poem "And Still I Rise"?

In the poem "And Still I Rise", Maya Angelou emphasizes the

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author of the passage states that the novel "The Great Gatsby" is about "the difficulty of realizing the American Dream." The author continues that "the novel explores the themes of wealth, love, and loss, and it shows how difficult it can be to achieve happiness and success." The author concludes by saying that "the novel is ultimately a tragic story about the unattainable nature of the American Dream."

Which of the following statements best summarizes the author’s view of "The Great Gatsby"?

Craft and Structure

Hard

The speaker of the passage describes a particular type of modern-day art that requires a large degree of human interaction. The speaker then points to a historical example of artwork that similarly demands a large degree of human interaction, and then makes an argument about what it is that makes this type of art unique. The speaker argues that the artworks mentioned are unique because they require not just the skill of the artist, but also the skill of the viewers. In other words, the art requires the viewers to do something other than simply looking at the piece, which can be seen as an invitation to the viewers to be a part of the creative process. What is the most likely reason why the writer includes a historical example in the passage?

In this passage, the author most likely includes a historical example of artwork in order to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author of the article suggests that the current economic climate is characterized by both opportunity and uncertainty. One of the main points is that the rise in the popularity of online shopping is an example of this uncertainty. The author explains that consumers are constantly trying to predict how prices will fluctuate, and that this leads to a great deal of anxiety. Another of the author’s main points is that the increase in the use of e-commerce is an example of the opportunities presented by the new economic climate. The author suggests that the ability of businesses to reach a wider audience through online platforms is a major advantage that is helping to drive economic growth. The author concludes the article by arguing that businesses need to be aware of both the opportunities and the challenges of the new economic climate in order to succeed. Which of the following choices best describes the main idea of the article?

Which choice best describes the main idea of the article?

Information and Ideas

Hard

A new study has been published in the journal Nature that claims that the use of social media is linked to a decline in mental well-being. The study tracked the amount of time that a sample of 500 people spent using social media each day and correlated that data to their levels of anxiety and depression. The researchers found that people who spent more than two hours a day using social media had a higher likelihood of reporting anxiety and depression symptoms compared to those who spent less than two hours a day on social media.

Which of the following is a likely criticism of this study?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The article "The Power of Play: How Games Can Help Children Learn" describes the benefits of incorporating games into education. The author explains that games are not merely a fun distraction, but can be a powerful tool for stimulating children's cognitive development and fostering their social and emotional growth. This is accomplished through the integration of game-based learning techniques that create engaging and interactive learning experiences for students. The author cites a number of studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of games in promoting learning outcomes. For example, the article highlights a study in which elementary school students who played a game designed to teach them about fractions showed significant improvement in their understanding of fractions compared to students who did not play the game. The author concludes that games are a valuable asset in education, and that educators should embrace game-based learning techniques in order to provide a more engaging and effective learning experience for students.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the author’s main point?

Information and Ideas

Hard

Some animal-behavior studies involve observing wild animals in their natural habitat, and some involve capturing wild animals and observing them in a laboratory. Each approach has advantages over the other. In wild studies, researchers can more easily presume that the animals are behaving normally, and in lab studies, researchers can more easily control factors that might affect the results. But if, for example, the results from a wild study and a lab study of Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) contradict each other, one or both of the studies must have failed to account for some factor that was relevant to the birds’ behavior.

Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

Information and Ideas

Hard

Many people associate the word "tradition" with something that is unchanging. However, traditions are actually dynamic and evolve over time. One of the most obvious examples is the evolution of the American Thanksgiving meal. The traditional Thanksgiving meal in the early 19th century featured mostly roast turkey, potatoes, and cranberries. However, the Thanksgiving meal today often includes dishes such as stuffing, sweet potatoes, cornbread, and pumpkin pie. These additions and changes demonstrate that the Thanksgiving meal continues to evolve and grow. What is the main idea of this passage?

The main idea of the passage is that

Information and Ideas

Hard

The text states that an educational game increases middle school students’ accuracy in adding fractions. What is the most important piece of information that supports this statement? The psychologist chose a random sample of 35 students from all of the students at one of the middle schools in a large city. The psychologist found that students who played the game showed significant improvement in accuracy when adding fractions.

What is the strongest evidence provided in this passage that supports the claim that the educational game increases middle school students' accuracy in adding fractions?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The text explains that in 2018, a group of researchers published a study that suggested that some species of ants are able to count. This was a revolutionary finding. What is the most likely reason why the authors call this finding "revolutionary"?

The authors describe the finding as "revolutionary" most likely because it

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author of the passage claims that "the United States has been at the forefront of the fight against global warming." The author then cites several pieces of evidence to support this claim. For example, the author points out that the United States has been a leading voice in international negotiations on climate change. The author also mentions that the United States has made significant investments in clean energy technologies. Which of the following best describes the author's main purpose in this passage?

The author's main purpose in the passage is to

Information and Ideas

Hard

From the very first day of class, Ms. Thomas reminded her students of the importance of thinking about the larger context of what they were learning. She stressed that their studies were not isolated from the world and that they should always consider how their knowledge could be applied to real-world situations. And she emphasized the need for students to be aware of the broader historical and social forces that shaped the events and ideas they encountered. "You can’t understand anything in isolation," she would say. "You have to look at the big picture."

What is the central idea of this passage?

Craft and Structure

Hard

The speaker, an academic, is addressing a general audience. They are talking about the impact of a specific piece of media. They cite a specific effect of the piece on the reader, but then state a possible reason that the effect would not have the same impact on everyone. They go on to emphasize that their interpretation is based on their own assumptions, which may not reflect other people's experiences. What is the most likely reason why the writer uses the word "I"?

In this passage, the writer uses the word "I" to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The debate on climate change often focuses on the question of whether human activity is the primary driver of climate change. While many scientists agree that human activity plays a significant role, others believe that natural cycles are the primary driver, and that humans only have a minor impact. The text suggests that the debate is more complex than a simple binary between human and natural causes. What can be inferred about the author's perspective on climate change?

What is the author’s perspective on the debate regarding the primary driver of climate change?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author argues that the use of the word “you” in certain types of fiction allows the writer to establish a more direct connection with the reader, which can help the reader feel more engaged with the message. The author then goes on to say that the best kind of fiction is the type that has a strong sense of immediacy and personal connection with the reader. The author also discusses the use of familiar events and places in these types of fiction, saying that these elements can help to create a more immediate and personal connection with the reader. In order to help create a more personal connection with the reader, what does the writer suggest?

The author suggests that the best kind of fiction is the type that has a strong sense of immediacy and personal connection with the reader. This means that the best kind of fiction is the type that

Craft and Structure

Hard

It has been argued that the use of technology in the classroom is harmful to students. The argument goes that too much screen time and digital distraction disrupts student focus and impedes learning. However, recent research suggests that the use of technology in the classroom can actually enhance learning. This research shows that technology can be used to help students develop critical thinking skills, to access information more quickly, and to collaborate more effectively. What is the purpose of the first sentence in this paragraph?

The first sentence of the paragraph is primarily used to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author of the following passage argues that the study of climate change is not limited to understanding the physical processes of the Earth, but also encompasses the exploration of human behavior. It’s important to recognize that climate change isn’t just a scientific concern. It’s also a social problem. While scientists study the effects of greenhouse gas emissions, we need to think about how people respond to climate change. What are our attitudes toward climate change? How do we incorporate it into our daily lives? How can we work together to solve it? These questions are just as important as the science behind climate change. Ultimately, climate change is not just about the planet. It’s about us. It’s about how we understand our place in the world and how we can make a difference.

Which of the following best summarizes the author’s main idea?

Information and Ideas

Hard

In the following excerpt from an essay on the evolution of music, the author discusses the relationship between music and technology. "Technology has always been a driving force in the evolution of music, but it has not always been a benevolent one. The advent of recording technology in the late nineteenth century, for example, allowed for the mass production and distribution of music, but it also led to a decline in the quality of live music performance. The rise of electronic music in the twentieth century, with its reliance on synthesizers and computers, furthered the trend toward a more artificial sound. This technological trend has reached its apotheosis in the present day, with the proliferation of digital music streaming services that have rendered the traditional model of music consumption obsolete. The digital revolution, while it has democratized access to music and made it easier than ever to create and share it, has also created a culture of disposable music, in which songs are consumed quickly and then discarded, and the art of music making is increasingly marginalized."

The author's main point about the relationship between music and technology is that

Information and Ideas

Hard

A social psychologist argues that while the general public tends to view conformity as a negative trait, it is often a necessary aspect of a functioning society. The psychologist cites a variety of historical and modern examples to support this claim. For example, the psychologist points to the rise of standardized testing in the 20th century, which created a system in which students were expected to conform to a set of pre-determined norms. The psychologist also notes that conformity is often evident in the workplace, as employees are expected to adhere to certain rules and regulations to ensure a smooth flow of work. Ultimately, the psychologist concludes that while conformity is a highly visible aspect of life, it plays a crucial role in ensuring that society runs smoothly.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Information and Ideas

Hard

In the 1960s, a group of scientists in the United States developed a new method for producing aluminum, but it was not clear what the environmental implications of the method were. Some scientists worried that the new method would release toxic chemicals into the environment, while others believed that the method would be safer than the previous methods. The new method was eventually adopted by the aluminum industry, and its environmental effects have been studied extensively since then. Based on the passage, which of the following claims is best supported by the text?

Which of the following claims is best supported by the text?

Information and Ideas

Hard

In 1971, after working as a journalist for several years, the writer Maya Angelou published her first volume of poetry, "And Still I Rise." The book, which contains a collection of poems that explore themes of resilience, hope, and the African American experience, became a bestseller. Angelou continued to publish works throughout the 1970s and 1980s, eventually becoming an iconic figure in American literature.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The text argues that the “central role” that “nature and culture” play “in shaping the identities of people” is complex, stating that nature and culture “are inextricably linked” and “mutually constituted.” These ideas are highlighted with the example of the island of Bali, where many people “believe” that the island “possesses a spiritual aura” and “inhabit” the island “with a reverence for its natural beauty and sacred sites.” What is the main idea of this paragraph?

The author of this paragraph is arguing that

Craft and Structure

Hard

The author of the passage describes the history of the use of the “sewing bone” in the creation of baskets as “skillful” and “essential.” What is the most likely reason why the author uses these words?

The author’s choice of words in this passage most likely suggests that

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author suggests that scientists are wrong to assume that animals evolved only in response to the environment. In this passage, the author contends that natural selection is not the only force that drives evolution, and that the process can also be influenced by the animals’ own actions. The author further suggests that a scientific understanding of evolution is incomplete without considering the role of animals in actively shaping their own destiny. What does the author imply is the most important takeaway about the process of evolution?

The author’s main point in this passage is that

Craft and Structure

Hard

The text describes an event that took place in the distant past. The author uses language that is both evocative and precise, conveying a sense of wonder and awe. The passage is written in a style that is both lyrical and informative. Which of the following is the most likely reason why the author uses the phrase "a faint, ethereal glow"?

In this passage, the phrase "a faint, ethereal glow" is most likely used to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The development of the computer has changed the way we communicate with one another. Before the Internet, people relied on letters, telegrams, and phone calls to stay in touch. Now, with the advent of instant messaging, video conferencing, and social media, we can communicate with anyone, anywhere, at any time. This is a revolutionary change that has had a profound impact on our lives. However, the widespread use of technology has also raised concerns about privacy and security. What are the benefits and drawbacks of this change in communication?

Which of the following is the most likely reason why the writer includes the information about communication methods that were used before the internet?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The passage below is from a 1980 book about the history of the early American republic. The author is explaining why, in her view, the concept of the "self-made man" is an important idea to consider when studying the development of the United States.\ "There is a tendency to regard the self-made man as a kind of American hero. But the self-made man, though he is the product of his own efforts, is also the product of the conditions that made his success possible. The self-made man is not a creation ex nihilo. He is, rather, a product of his time and place."

Which choice best describes the central idea of the passage?

Craft and Structure

Hard

The author’s argument is that the "real thing"—in this case, a natural environment—is more compelling and realistic than a computer-generated image. This argument is supported by the author’s use of the word "prohibitively." This word suggests that using practical effects is often too expensive, which may lead filmmakers to use a blended approach. What is the most likely reason why the author uses the word "prohibitively"?

In this passage, the word "prohibitively" is used to

Information and Ideas

Hard

In a recent study, researchers explored the impact of social media on adolescents’ mental health. They examined the use of social media among a large sample of teenagers, and they found a strong correlation between social media use and increased levels of stress and anxiety. However, the researchers cautioned that correlation does not equal causation. To prove that social media is directly causing increased levels of stress and anxiety, further research is needed. What is the most likely reason why the researchers cautioned that correlation does not equal causation?

The researchers’ caution that correlation does not equal causation is most likely due to the fact that

Craft and Structure

Hard

The passage describes a major development in the field of physics, the discovery of the Higgs boson. The discovery was made by scientists at the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest particle accelerator. The Higgs boson is a subatomic particle that is responsible for giving mass to other particles. The discovery of the Higgs boson helps to explain why the universe is the way it is. The passage ends by discussing the importance of the Higgs boson discovery and how it can help us better understand the world around us. What is the most likely purpose of the passage?

What is the most likely purpose of this passage?

Craft and Structure

Hard

The novel follows the protagonist, a young woman named Ella, as she navigates the complexities of her life in a rural town. Ella is a talented musician, but she struggles to find her place in a world that seems to have little use for her artistic aspirations. Her journey is marked by both joy and heartbreak, as she grapples with family relationships, societal expectations, and her own sense of identity. What is the most likely reason why the writer chose to set the novel in a rural town?

In this novel, the setting is a rural town primarily to

Information and Ideas

Hard

While the study by researchers led by Dr. Smith, published in the "Journal of Psychological Research," showed that the brain's capacity to form new memories does not decrease with age, they also discovered that this capacity may be linked to the number of times a person engages in mentally challenging activities. Dr. Smith’s team found that older adults who regularly engaged in intellectually demanding activities, such as playing games, reading complex texts, and solving puzzles, had brains that were just as capable of forming new memories as those of much younger individuals. However, older adults who rarely or never engaged in such activities showed a noticeable decrease in their brain’s ability to form new memories. The study’s findings suggest that ______

What does the study by Dr. Smith’s team suggest about the brain's capacity to form new memories?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The narrator of this passage is a member of a royal family who is being groomed for a position of power. He describes the process of learning about his future role by observing and interacting with others. He is taught to be polite and deferential to those in positions of authority, but also to be aware of the complexities of human relationships. In particular, he learns that those who seem to be most powerful often operate in the shadows, and that it is important to be able to read the subtle signs of power and influence. It is important for him to understand that power is not always what it seems, and that those who seem to be the most powerful often operate in the shadows, and that it is important to be able to read the subtle signs of power and influence. What is the most important lesson that the narrator is learning?

The narrator learns that those who seem to have the most power often operate in the shadows, and that it is important to be able to read the subtle signs of power and influence. Which of the following is the most important lesson that the narrator is learning?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author argues that the current system of evaluating student work is too focused on "quantifiable" factors. This is the case, the author states, because "this approach doesn’t take into account the many other factors that contribute to a student’s success." To support this point, the author notes that "a student who consistently gets high grades may not be the most creative, innovative, or collaborative thinker." In contrast, the author claims that "students who are willing to take risks and try new things are often more likely to make significant contributions to the world." What is the main idea of the text?

The main idea of the text is that

Craft and Structure

Hard

The scientist in the excerpt believes that "a sense of wonder" helps to "reawaken" people’s curiosity. The scientist claims that people lose this sense of wonder as they become adults, and the scientist describes "the vastness of the universe" as one element that can help to "reawaken" this sense of wonder. What does the scientist mean by the phrase "the vastness of the universe"?

In this excerpt, the phrase "the vastness of the universe" refers to

Craft and Structure

Hard

The author’s central argument is that the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare has the potential to revolutionize the way we approach medical care. AI can help doctors to make more accurate diagnoses, develop personalized treatment plans, and even predict health risks before they occur. While some people have expressed concerns about the potential dangers of AI, the author believes that the benefits outweigh the risks. The author’s argument is well-supported by evidence from recent studies that have shown the effectiveness of AI in diagnosing diseases, predicting patient outcomes, and even improving patient satisfaction. The author concludes by urging readers to embrace the use of AI in healthcare, as it has the potential to improve the lives of millions of people. What is the most likely reason why the writer uses a casual tone and personalizes the argument?

In this passage, the author most likely uses a casual tone and personalizes the argument to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author is arguing that the way we think about the relationship between humans and nature has changed. The author asserts that the current dominant way of thinking about this relationship is "that nature is something to be used, something to be dominated by humans." This perspective is flawed, the author argues, because it does not take into account the interconnectedness of all living things. What is the author's primary purpose in this passage?

The author's main purpose in this passage is to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The following passage is from a nonfiction book about the life of a famous scientist. The author has studied the scientist’s work and has interviewed people who knew the scientist personally. "My friend was a man of contradictions. He was a brilliant and creative thinker, yet he was also very shy and retiring. He was a tireless worker, yet he was also a perfectionist who often struggled to complete his projects. He was a kind and compassionate person, yet he was also fiercely independent and often difficult to work with. He was a truly remarkable man, and I am grateful to have known him." How does the author’s statement in the passage about the scientist’s personality relate to the author’s overall purpose in the passage?

The author’s statement about the scientist’s contradictions is most likely intended to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The passage discusses a number of ways that the process of "artificial intelligence" is changing the nature of human work. The author focuses on the ways that artificial intelligence is automating tasks that were once performed by humans. The author also points out that artificial intelligence is creating new jobs and opportunities. According to the passage, which of the following statements best describes the author’s view of the impact of artificial intelligence on the future of work?

The author of this passage suggests that artificial intelligence is

Information and Ideas

Hard

The study of how the human brain remembers information, and the processes involved in the formation, storage, and retrieval of memories, is a complex and evolving field of research. Researchers have made significant progress in uncovering the mechanisms by which memories are encoded, consolidated, and recalled, but many mysteries remain. One particularly perplexing phenomenon is the so-called "tip-of-the-tongue" experience, in which individuals struggle to recall a specific word or piece of information, even though they are confident that they know it. While this experience is a common one, the exact neurological processes that underlie it are still not fully understood. What is the primary purpose of the passage?

The passage is primarily concerned with

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author states that while the "information" part of the play is "undeniably" well-written, it is the "performance" part that truly elevates the piece. According to the author, "A play of ideas is only as good as the people enacting it." The author then goes on to praise the actors for bringing "life, depth, and meaning" to the play’s many facets. The author’s statement about the "performance" part of the play suggests that the author views a play’s success as dependent on which of the following?

The author’s statement suggests that the author views a play’s success as dependent on which of the following?

Information and Ideas

Hard

In the early 1990s, as a response to the popularity of compact discs, some record labels began reissuing their albums on vinyl. This was seen as a niche market catering to audiophiles who preferred the warmth and sound of analog recordings. However, by the late 2000s, vinyl records had gained a broader appeal. Younger generations were drawn to the tactile experience of vinyl and the accompanying album art. The resurgence of vinyl records is a testament to the enduring appeal of analog sound and the artistic value of music beyond its digital format.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The writer, whose work is largely focused on how humans think, argues that the main distinction between humans and other animals is not whether they have language, but how complex their reasoning abilities are. The author uses the example of chimpanzees to illustrate this point. While chimpanzees are capable of using tools, the author states that they are not able to understand the concepts that drive human use of tools. The author concludes by suggesting that it’s important to acknowledge the complexity of human thought and reasoning abilities, which is what separates us from other animals. What is the most likely reason why the author cites the example of chimpanzees?

The author cites chimpanzees to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The passage describes two different approaches to studying animal behavior in the wild. In the first approach, scientists observe animals in their natural habitats, such as a forest or a prairie. In the second approach, scientists capture animals and observe them in a laboratory setting. While both approaches have their benefits, the passage suggests that each approach has drawbacks that could affect the accuracy of the findings. For example, scientists who study wild animals in their natural habitats might be less able to control the factors that could affect their observations. In contrast, scientists who study animals in a laboratory setting might be less able to ensure that the animals are behaving normally in an environment that does not reflect their natural habitat. However, there is a benefit to both approaches: Scientists who study animals in their natural habitats can observe their behavior in a more realistic and natural setting, while scientists who study animals in a laboratory setting can observe their behavior in a more controlled environment. Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?

Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?

Craft and Structure

Hard

The text presents an argument about the impact of digital technologies on the human mind. The author argues that the increasing reliance on digital devices is leading to a decline in cognitive skills, such as memory and attention. The author cites research findings suggesting that, for example, individuals who spend more time looking at screens are less able to recall information from memory. In this context, what is the significance of the information in the passage that the author cites research findings to support his claim about the impact of digital technologies on the human mind?

The author’s use of research findings in this passage is most likely intended to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The passage describes a major development in the study of human evolution: the discovery that Neanderthals made tools from materials that were more difficult to work with than materials more readily available to them. "That they were willing to go to such lengths for those materials suggests they were aware of the materials' qualities and that they had an advanced level of technological know-how," said archaeologist [Name redacted]. This finding also suggests that Neanderthals had a more nuanced understanding of materials than previously thought. What does the author suggest about Neanderthals?

The author suggests that Neanderthals

Standard English Conventions

Hard

After years of research, a scientist announced the discovery of a new species of butterfly, one that was previously unknown to science. The scientist, who had devoted years to the study of butterflies, was thrilled with the discovery, and the team of researchers that assisted her in the project were equally excited about the finding. "This butterfly is the most interesting one I've ever seen!" the scientist exclaimed. "It has a unique wing pattern that I have never seen before. I believe it’s a new species, and I can’t wait to learn more about it."

Which choice best revises the sentence to make it conform to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The scientist's research showed that a small change in the amount of a certain chemical added to a solution could have a significant impact on the outcome of an experiment. The scientist concluded that even though the change may seem minor, it can drastically affect the results.

Which of the following revisions to the underlined portion of the sentence best improves the clarity and conciseness of the passage?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

A group of researchers studied the effects of a new type of fertilizer on crop growth. They found that the fertilizer significantly increased the yield of corn, but it had no effect on the yield of wheat. This finding suggests that ______.

Which choice completes the sentence so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The discovery of the first planet orbiting a star outside our solar system, 51 Pegasi b, was announced in 1995. Astronomers using the radial velocity method, which relies on measuring the wobble of a star caused by the gravitational pull of an orbiting planet, confirmed the existence of 51 Pegasi b. Although astronomers have since found thousands of exoplanets, 51 Pegasi b remains a significant discovery because it ______ a new era in astronomy—the era of exoplanet discovery.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The artist’s work was part of a larger movement in painting that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, which emphasized the use of bright, bold colors, as well as simple, geometric shapes. That movement can be seen in the work of a number of artists, including artists from the United States and Europe. The movement was popular in the 1960s and 1970s but faded in popularity by the early 1980s. Many artists who emerged from the movement have gone on to create different types of work. Although, the movement has had a lasting impact on the world of art.

Which choice corrects the error in the underlined portion of the sentence?

Craft and Structure

Hard

The author of this excerpt is writing an argumentative essay about how to promote an important social cause. In the excerpt, the author states an opinion, then presents an opposing view, and finally counters that opposing view. What is the most likely reason the author includes the phrase "some claim"?

The phrase "some claim" is most likely used to

Information and Ideas

Hard

The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle theorized that a good life is one that is lived in accordance with virtue. He argued that virtue is a matter of striking the right balance between two extremes, which he called "excess" and "deficiency." For example, he said that courage is the virtue that strikes a balance between the extremes of cowardice and rashness. According to Aristotle, cowardice is a deficiency of courage, while rashness is an excess of courage. Aristotle believed that people can develop virtue by practicing virtuous behavior, which leads to the formation of good habits. What is the best way to describe Aristotle’s argument about virtue? What is the main point of the passage?

Which choice best describes the relationship between the terms "cowardice" and "rashness" in the passage?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

It’s an exciting time to be a fan of the game of basketball. The current generation of players is incredibly talented and athletic, and fans around the world are captivated by the sport’s dynamic style of play. Teams are competing at higher levels than ever before, and new records are constantly being broken. This era of basketball is full of exciting possibilities, and it’s a great time to be a part of it.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion to create a grammatically correct and stylistically effective sentence?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The scientific method is a process for gaining knowledge that begins with a question. The next step in the scientific method is to make a prediction, or hypothesis, about the answer to the question. The researcher then tests the hypothesis by conducting experiments and analyzing the results. The results of the experiment are used to support or refute the hypothesis.

Which of the following choices correctly punctuates the sentence? The results of the experiment are used to support or refute the hypothesis.

Craft and Structure

Hard

The author's use of the word "but" creates a contrast between the previous sentence, which describes the way the first settlers interacted with the land, and the following sentence, which describes the way the speaker interacts with the land. In what way does the word "but" function in the passage?

In this passage, the word "but" is used to

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The history of the Olympics is one filled with stories of athletic achievements, technological advancements, and political controversies. It’s important to remember, however, that the games have not always been the symbol of international unity and peace that they are often presented to be. In the early decades of the 20th century, for example, many of the games were dominated by the political tensions of the day, and some of the most popular and successful athletes were actively involved in promoting the political agendas of their respective countries.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion to create a grammatically correct and stylistically effective sentence?

Expression of Ideas

Hard

The history of the United States is filled with stories of individuals who, by taking risks, transformed the country. Some of these individuals were inventors, others were entrepreneurs, and still others were activists. The entrepreneur Henry Ford, for example, changed the way people traveled by perfecting a system of mass production for automobiles.

Which choice provides the most effective transition between the two sentences?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

A recent study found that spending time in nature can reduce stress and improve mood. However, it’s important to note that this effect isn’t always immediate. Spending time in nature can be a great way to de-stress, however, it may take some time for the benefits to become apparent. When the researchers repeated the experiment, they found that the participants who spent more time in nature reported feeling calmer and more relaxed a week after the experiment, rather than just immediately after.

Which choice best maintains the sentence structure and logical flow of the paragraph?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The poet, a master of language, uses rhythm and rhyme to convey the emotion of the poem, but he never forces the language to do something it isn't capable of doing. The poet’s style is marked by a kind of restrained grace, which adds to the beauty and poignancy of his work. Which of the following is the most effective way to revise the underlined portion of the passage to create a sentence that is clear, concise, and grammatically correct?

The poet’s style is marked by a kind of restrained grace, which adds to the beauty and poignancy of his work. Which of the following is the most effective way to revise the underlined portion of the passage to create a sentence that is clear, concise, and grammatically correct?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The essay argues that the use of virtual reality (VR) in education is beneficial because it allows students to experience things that they otherwise would not be able to, such as visiting the Great Wall of China or exploring the Amazon rainforest. For example, a history student might use VR to travel back in time to witness the signing of the Declaration of Independence. In the passage, the main clause is "the essay argues that the use of virtual reality (VR) in education is beneficial because it allows students to experience things that they otherwise would not be able to." Which of the following is a correct use of a comma in the main clause?

Which of the following sentences uses a comma correctly in the main clause?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

While many people believe that the act of writing is a solitary endeavor, the process of creating a story often involves feedback from a variety of sources. These sources might include editors, beta readers, or even friends and family. The process of getting feedback can be challenging; however, the writer’s ability to take criticism constructively and to make changes to their work is a crucial skill that is essential to crafting a successful story.

Which of the following choices provides the most effective punctuation for the final sentence of the passage?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The playwright, Lillian Hellman, who is best known for writing the social realist play, The Children’s Hour, has received numerous awards for her work including a Tony Award.

Which choice best corrects the punctuation errors in the sentence?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The two main types of rock art found in this region are petroglyphs, which are images carved into the rock, and pictographs, which are images painted on the rock. Petroglyphs are often more durable than pictographs, but ______ can be more easily damaged by the elements.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The ancient city of Petra, in Jordan, was carved into the sandstone cliffs by the Nabataeans, a nomadic people who settled there in the 4th century BCE. Petra was a major center of trade, and its architecture, especially the Treasury, a temple carved into the rock face, is known for its elaborate detail and impressive scale. In 1985, UNESCO designated the city a World Heritage Site, however, the ancient city is threatened by the effects of climate change and tourism.

Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

Many people believe that the "Great Resignation", which began during the COVID-19 pandemic, was caused by the pandemic and its aftermath. This, however, is not entirely true. While the pandemic and its aftermath may have played a role, the "Great Resignation" was also fueled by a growing sense of dissatisfaction among workers, who felt that they were being taken advantage of.

Which of the following choices corrects the punctuation errors in the sentence above?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The author of "The Time Traveler's Wife" is Audrey Niffenegger, a novelist whose work has been translated into over 40 languages. She has also written the graphic novel "The Three Incantations" and the novel "Her Fearful Symmetry." Niffenegger's work often explores themes of time, memory, and fate, and her novels are known for their intricate plots and thought-provoking characters. What is the best way to combine the two sentences into a single sentence?

Which choice combines the two sentences into a single sentence with correct punctuation and grammar?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

In the late 1980s, the musician and composer Michael Franti—who is known for blending hip-hop, funk, and world music—formed a band called the Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy. The group’s music, which is infused with social and political themes, is often described as a blend of activism and artistry, with Franti's lyrics often exploring themes of peace, social justice, and environmentalism. The group's music became popular in the 1990s, with its song "Television, the Drug of the Nation" becoming a popular anthem. The song's message is a critique of the influence of media, particularly television, on society, and a call for greater awareness and engagement. In the years since, Franti has continued to use music as a platform for social change. What is the best way to combine the two sentences about the song's message?

Which of the following is the most effective way to combine the two sentences about the song's message, keeping the meaning of the original text?

Craft and Structure

Hard

According to experts, "the most important feature of a good research paper is its clarity." However, good research papers are not simply clear; they are also concise, well-organized, and well-supported. The writing should be free of errors in grammar and mechanics. The argument should be logical, and the evidence should be relevant, credible, and persuasive. What is the most likely reason for the use of quotation marks?

In this passage, the quotation marks around the phrase "the most important feature of a good research paper is its clarity" are used to

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The story begins with the protagonist, a young woman named Maya, reminiscing about her childhood. She describes the small town where she grew up, and how she loved to explore the woods behind her house. However, a sense of foreboding pervades the narrative, as Maya recalls a disturbing incident that took place in those woods.

Which of the following revisions of the underlined portion would be most effective in making the sentence concise and clear?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

In the early 1900s, the American author and social reformer, Jacob Riis, documented the living conditions of New York City’s poorest residents. The result was “How the Other Half Lives,” a book that exposed the horrors of poverty and overcrowding in the city. His work was groundbreaking for its use of photography to illustrate the social issues he discussed. Riis’s book—and the photographs he took—helped to bring about the reforms that led to the improvement of tenement housing. It is considered a landmark work of social realism.

Which of the following is the most effective way to combine the sentences "His work was groundbreaking for its use of photography to illustrate the social issues he discussed" and "Riis’s book—and the photographs he took—helped to bring about the reforms that led to the improvement of tenement housing"?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author of a famous novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain, was also an American humorist. He was renowned for his satirical stories and sharp wit, which were often used to criticize society and its institutions. Although Twain's work is often characterized as being humorous, his writings also included serious themes that explored the nature of good and evil, the power of human compassion, and the challenges of living in a changing world. The writer's use of humor and satire, often employed to highlight the absurdity of human behavior, was one of his most distinctive features, making him a beloved figure in American literature. The text describes the qualities of Mark Twain’s writing as being “humorous” and “satirical.” The text goes on to state that Twain’s writing “also included serious themes,” and it concludes by saying that his use of humor and satire, which were “often employed to highlight the absurdity of human behavior,” was “one of his most distinctive features.” Which choice best describes how the writer of this excerpt builds his or her argument about Mark Twain’s writing?

The writer of this excerpt supports the idea that Twain’s writing is both humorous and satirical by

Standard English Conventions

Hard

A researcher is writing a paper for a scientific journal. The researcher wants to ensure that the paper is clear and concise. The researcher has written the following sentence: “Although the study’s results are very important, they are only one piece of the puzzle.” Which of the following is the best way to revise the sentence to make it more concise?

Which of the following is the best way to revise the sentence to make it more concise?

Craft and Structure

Hard

In her 1952 essay "The Figure a Poem Makes," poet Marianne Moore makes the point that the "figure a poem makes" is not the same as the poem’s subject matter. Instead, Moore argues that the "figure a poem makes" is the shape or form the poem takes. Moore gives the example of a poem about "a single person, the individual." Although such a poem might be about a single person, it can take many different forms, such as a sonnet, a free verse poem, a narrative poem, or a dramatic monologue. Each of these forms would produce a different "figure" for the poem, even if the subject matter remains the same. According to Moore, a poem’s "figure" is a significant element in shaping the reader’s understanding of the poem. What is the most likely reason why the writer uses the phrase "figure a poem makes"?

In the passage, the phrase "figure a poem makes" is used to

Craft and Structure

Hard

The passage below is adapted from a book about the history of the United States. The author is describing the role of the US Postal Service in the development of the country. The early days of the United States Postal Service were marked by a series of innovations that made it possible for people living in remote areas to keep in touch with one another. The development of the Pony Express, for instance, was a vital step in connecting the East Coast with the West Coast. The advent of the railroad allowed for mail to be delivered much more quickly. This period of innovation was vital to the growth of the United States, the author argues, because it helped to create a sense of national unity. What is the most likely reason the author uses the phrase "for instance"?

The phrase "for instance" is used to

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The scientific community has long been fascinated by the human brain. The brain is a complex and delicate organ, and scientists are constantly striving to understand its workings. One of the most intriguing aspects of the brain is its ability to learn and adapt. Through a process known as neuroplasticity, the brain can change its structure and function in response to new experiences. This remarkable ability allows humans to learn new skills, recover from injuries, and even overcome challenging life circumstances. But even with all this progress, there is still much that we don’t know about the brain. How can we best understand the human brain?

Which choice best maintains the sentence structure and sense of the passage?

Craft and Structure

Hard

Many people believe that a proper cup of tea requires precise measurements of water, tea leaves, and milk. Others contend that a good cup of tea is about more than just the precise proportions of the ingredients. In fact, it's not uncommon for experienced tea drinkers to rely on intuition and experience. What is the most likely reason that the author includes the phrase 'In fact' in the passage?

In this passage, the phrase 'In fact' is used to

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The word "then" can be used as an adverb, as in "She ran to the window, then looked out." It can also be used to introduce a clause, as in "She ran to the window, then she looked out." Both uses are correct, but they serve different functions. In the second sentence, the word "then" can be removed without changing the meaning, but the sentence in the first example would be grammatically incorrect if the word "then" were removed. Which sentence correctly uses the word "then" as an adverb?

Which of the following sentences correctly uses the word "then" as an adverb?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The 1985 film Back to the Future is one of the most popular and influential movies ever made, but it is not without its flaws. For example, the movie relies on the trope of time travel, which is often used to make a story more exciting. However, the movie’s use of time travel makes it difficult to create a believable story. In the end, the movie is a fun and entertaining adventure, but it is not a perfect film.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion to create a grammatically correct and stylistically effective sentence?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

Many people believe that a good education involves the ability to think critically, solve problems, and communicate effectively. However, these skills are often overlooked in favor of rote memorization and test-taking strategies, which are often seen as the key to academic success. This narrow focus on memorization can stifle creativity and hinder the development of essential critical thinking skills. What punctuation mark is needed after the phrase “test-taking strategies”?

In the passage above, what punctuation mark is needed after the phrase “test-taking strategies?”

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The director’s approach to the film was innovative, he used unconventional camera angles and lighting techniques. He also incorporated elements of experimental film, such as surrealism and abstract imagery. This combination of traditional and experimental techniques was a unique, and ultimately successful, approach to filmmaking.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

When asked how he first got interested in the study of butterflies, the young entomologist replied, "My grandmother, she was a great lover of nature, and she would take me on long walks in the woods, where she would point out the different species of plants and insects to me."

Which choice best revises the underlined portion of the sentence to create a grammatically correct and more concise sentence?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The following text is adapted from "The Open Boat" by Stephen Crane, an American writer who became famous for his naturalist style. The text describes a storm that is threatening a small lifeboat with four men aboard: "Then the captain, in the manner of the old-time sea-captains who went down with their ships, said to the men: "Well, boys, we’ve got her at last!"

Which choice best revises the underlined portion of the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The 1995 novel "The House of Mirth" by Edith Wharton, a novel that focuses on the life of Lily Bart, a young woman who lives in New York City, has been praised for its sharp social commentary and realistic depiction of turn-of-the-century society, as well as for its exploration of themes such as class, gender, and morality. The novel has also been adapted into a film and has become a classic of American literature.

Which choice best revises the underlined portion to create a more concise and precise sentence?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The study found that in the early phases of the universe, the rate of expansion was much higher than it is now. It is known as the inflationary period. During that period, the universe expanded to the size that it is today, in a very short time. This period is followed by a slower rate of expansion, which is still occurring today.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion to create a grammatically correct and clear sentence?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

A popular author has written a new novel about a character who is a high school teacher who struggles to find meaning in a life of constant routine. The author’s previous books were often praised for their sharp dialogue and their exploration of complex themes. However, the author’s new book is more introspective, as though the author is trying to capture the nuanced feelings and unspoken thoughts of the main character. Which sentence best describes the author’s new book?

Which choice provides the most effective combination of sentences and punctuation?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The author was particularly interested in the _way_ that his characters responded to their changing environments. He believed that the _way_ characters responded could help readers understand the deeper meanings of the story.

Which choice best combines the two underlined portions of the text into a single, correct sentence?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The museum’s newest exhibit was a great success, but one could argue that the exhibit’s title was misleading. It was called "The Art of the Americas," which, by the way, made some visitors believe the exhibit covered all the Americas. However, the exhibit was focused only on art from North America. That is, the exhibition did not include works from the Americas south of the United States.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion into a single sentence that is consistent with the conventions of Standard English?

Craft and Structure

Hard

The most obvious sign that the speaker is speaking directly to the reader is the use of the word "you." There are other elements of the passage that may help to make the speaker seem more immediate and personal. The speaker refers to events and places that are familiar to the reader, and the speaker uses a conversational tone throughout the passage.

What is the most likely reason why the writer uses the word "you"?

Craft and Structure

Hard

The author's tone in the passage is best described as formal and objective, though there are some instances where the author conveys a more personal tone, such as when the author refers to "our nervous, sporadic games." This is an example of how the author can shift between a formal and an informal tone to make the passage more engaging for the reader. What is the most likely reason why the author refers to "our nervous, sporadic games" in a less formal tone?

The author's shift to a less formal tone when referring to "our nervous, sporadic games" most likely serves to

Information and Ideas

Hard

While some scientists have argued that the ability of giraffes to make low-pitched humming sounds is a sign of intelligence, others have suggested that the humming noises are merely a form of communication between giraffes in a specific situation that doesn’t require complex thought. The researchers claim that giraffes, which have an excellent sense of vision and are able to see in color, only produce the humming sounds when it’s impossible for them to signal to one another visually, such as at night when they can’t see one another. The fact that the giraffes only produced the humming sounds at night when they couldn’t see one another, therefore, ______

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The author of the article claims that "the current lack of access to safe and affordable housing" is a serious problem. However, the author’s use of the word "lack" can be considered redundant, as the word "access" already implies a shortage or deficiency. What is the most effective way to revise the underlined portion of the sentence?

Which revision of the underlined portion of the sentence is most effective?

Information and Ideas

Hard

The author suggests that some artists who want to create more realistic visual effects use a blended approach, employing practical effects when possible and CGI elements when necessary to control costs. The author’s description of the approach is consistent with the idea that practical effects are often more expensive than CGI. According to the passage, what is the main reason why filmmakers use a blended approach?

The passage suggests that filmmakers use a blended approach because they want to

Expression of Ideas

Hard

The history of the United States is filled with stories of individuals who defied the odds and achieved greatness. One such individual was Harriet Tubman, a courageous abolitionist who risked her life to help enslaved people escape to freedom on the Underground Railroad. Tubman’s journey to freedom, however, was far from easy. She had to overcome many obstacles and faced constant danger, but she persevered and became a symbol of hope for generations to come.

Which choice provides the best transition between the two sentences, making the passage most logical and cohesive?

Craft and Structure

Hard

The debate over the proper use of artificial intelligence in the classroom is a nuanced one, with many different perspectives on the topic. Some educators believe that AI can be a valuable tool for personalizing education and providing students with individualized learning experiences. Others argue that AI systems can perpetuate bias and inequity, and that they may not adequately address the needs of all students. The debate is further complicated by concerns about the ethical implications of using AI in education, and by questions about how best to ensure that AI systems are used responsibly and ethically. What is the most likely reason why the writer uses the word "complicated"?

In this passage, the word "complicated" is used to

Standard English Conventions

Hard

In the early 1900s, the United States saw a surge in the popularity of silent films. While the technology to create "talkies" was in its infancy, silent film directors developed unique techniques to convey emotion and tell stories. One such technique was the use of intertitles, which were text cards shown on screen between scenes that explained dialogue or conveyed the characters’ inner thoughts.

Which of the following choices correctly combines the two sentences at the underlined portion to create a grammatically correct sentence, while also preserving the meaning of the original passage?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The first recorded use of the word “jazz” to describe music was in the early 1900s, but the music that the word referred to had already been around for a while. The earliest form of jazz came out of African American culture, which was, in turn, influenced by both European musical traditions and West African musical traditions, giving it a distinctly American sound. But, some historians argue that the earliest forms of jazz were not recognized as “jazz” until after the invention of jazz music’s most important instrument: the saxophone. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

Hard

The playwright, best known for his work in musical theatre, has won numerous awards, including a Tony Award, for his groundbreaking work in the genre. He was known for his use of innovative and challenging musical styles and for his profound ability to connect with audiences.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion to maintain the style and tone of the passage?

Information and Ideas

The novel "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Bronte features scenes that use several literary devices, such as foreshadowing and imagery, to create a powerful and engaging reading experience. The novel is narrated by Jane Eyre herself, and the reader only sees the world through Jane’s eyes. This literary device is key in building empathy for Jane and her character. What is the most likely reason that the writer uses the first-person perspective?

In this passage, the use of the first-person perspective primarily serves to

Craft and Structure

The author of the passage discusses the role of music in society, arguing that it can be used to convey emotions, create a sense of community, and inspire social change. The author notes that music can be used to express both positive and negative emotions, and that it can be used to celebrate and mourn. However, the author also suggests that music is not always used in a positive way. What is the most likely purpose of the author using the phrase "However"?

The use of the word “However” in the passage is intended to

Craft and Structure

This passage provides examples of people who have had different responses to the same situation. In the beginning of the passage, the author describes people who are "eager to believe" and then later describes people who are "more skeptical" and "more cautious." What is the effect of this contrast?

The contrast between the beginning and the end of the passage is used to

Craft and Structure

The author uses a variety of rhetorical devices to create a sense of urgency and suspense. One technique used is the repetition of words and phrases. For example, the phrase "the clock is ticking" is repeated several times throughout the passage. The author also uses short, declarative sentences to increase the pace of the narrative. The use of imagery also helps to create a sense of urgency. For instance, the author describes the protagonist as "racing against time." What is the most likely reason why the author uses repetition in this passage?

The repetition of the phrase "the clock is ticking" in the passage most likely serves to

Information and Ideas

It seemed as though every time the author tried to say something interesting, he immediately backed down. It′s a common enough rhetorical pattern, but in this particular text, the effect is even more pronounced. The writer doesn’t linger on any idea for very long, which makes it difficult to gain a sense of his point of view. He just jumps from idea to idea, never really exploring any of them. It’s as though he doesn’t want the reader to stay too long on any one thought. Instead, he seems to want the reader to move on to something else. This is a good example of how a writer can create a sense of distance between the reader and the message.

In this passage, the author suggests that

Information and Ideas

The passage starts by introducing a new idea—that an individual's personal traits are often the result of a complex interplay of factors. This statement is then expanded on by presenting an example of the interactions between nature and nurture—a pair of identical twins who have different personalities, despite their shared genetic makeup. The writer then explains why this example supports the idea that people’s traits are influenced by a complex interplay of factors. What is the most likely reason why the writer uses the example of the twins?

The example of the twins in this passage is most likely used to

Information and Ideas

Some scholars have suggested that the modern-day celebration of Halloween—a time for trick-or-treating, costumes, and spooky decorations—is based on ancient Celtic traditions, particularly the festival of Samhain. The festival of Samhain was celebrated on October 31st, and it was believed that the boundary between the world of the living and the world of the dead was blurred on that day. As a result, the ancient Celts held a celebration that involved lighting bonfires to ward off evil spirits and the souls of the dead, which they believed were free to roam the earth.

The last sentence in the passage is primarily intended to

Craft and Structure

The novel opens with a description of the main character, a young woman named Odalie, who is restless and eager for adventure. She is dissatisfied with her current life and desires a change. However, she also recognizes the importance of her guardian's influence on her life and the comfort of her home. What is the most likely reason why the writer uses the word "however"?

The word "however" is used to

Craft and Structure

The author’s choice of words to describe the setting is intentionally vague and general. The reader is not given specific details about the exact location, the weather, or the time of day. This is likely done to create a sense of mystery and suspense. What is the most likely reason why the author uses such general language?

The author’s use of vague, general language to describe the setting in this excerpt is most likely meant to

Craft and Structure

In the following excerpt from the novel The Rover by Joseph Conrad, the narrator, a sailor, is reminiscing about his youth and a time when he was a young apprentice: "There was a time when, as a lad, I too, felt a kind of kinship with the great sea-birds that were my companions and shared my daily life—a certain instinctive sympathy with their wild, free motion. "The author uses the words "companions" and "shared" to emphasize a particular relationship between the narrator and the seabirds. What is the most likely reason why the author uses this word choice?

In the excerpt above, the author likely uses the words "companions" and "shared" to

Information and Ideas

In the essay "On Liberty," John Stuart Mill argues that "the peculiar evil of silencing the expression of an opinion is, that it is robbing the human race; posterity as well as the existing generation; those who dissent from the opinion, still more than those who hold it." What is Mill's main point in this passage?

What is Mill's main point in this passage from "On Liberty"?

Information and Ideas

The central theme of the passage is that the world is a complex and interconnected place, and that even seemingly simple events can have far-reaching consequences. The author uses a number of examples to illustrate this theme, including the story of a butterfly whose wings flutter and create a small gust of wind that eventually leads to a hurricane on the other side of the world. The author also discusses the ways in which human actions, such as the burning of fossil fuels, can have a significant impact on the environment. Finally, the author concludes by arguing that understanding the interconnectedness of the world is essential for solving the challenges facing humanity.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Information and Ideas

The author argues that the current methods used to teach children about the environment are inadequate. These methods are often too abstract, lacking the specific details that help children understand the complexities of the natural world. As a result, children are left with a superficial understanding of the environment and a limited ability to appreciate its importance. The author urges a more hands-on approach that encourages children to observe the natural world directly, using all of their senses. The author also suggests that teachers should involve children in activities that help them understand the impact of human actions on the environment, thereby fostering a deeper appreciation for the interconnectedness of all living things.

Which choice best states the main idea of this passage?

Information and Ideas

The recent discovery of a 1,000-year-old Viking ship in Norway has caused quite a stir among archaeologists. The ship, which is remarkably well-preserved, is providing new insights into the lives and culture of the Vikings. However, some scholars have raised concerns about the authenticity of the discovery, citing the lack of archaeological evidence to support the claims made about the ship’s age and origin. They argue that the ship may be a more recent replica, created to capitalize on the growing interest in Viking history.

Which choice best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

Craft and Structure

The text suggests that people often form an impression of a place based on what they have heard about it, rather than on what they have actually experienced for themselves. The writer states that people “sometimes…are so blinded by expectations” that they can’t “open [their] eyes” to the truth about a place. What is the most likely reason the author includes the phrase “open [their] eyes”?

In the passage, the phrase “open [their] eyes” is used to suggest that

Information and Ideas

As the author describes the setting of the story, he makes it clear that the main character, Mr. Jones, is a man of routine. The author writes, "He always ate breakfast at 7:00 a.m., took his dog for a walk at 8:00 a.m., and started work at 9:00 a.m. sharp." This passage is meant to suggest that

Mr. Jones is a man who

Information and Ideas

The author of the passage is arguing that there is a relationship between the brain’s capacity for complex thought and the presence of LINE transposons in the genome. The author suggests that the finding of an active LINE transposon in the genomes of octopus species, which are known for their intelligence, could support this idea. Which choice best describes the author’s main point?

What is the author’s main point?

Information and Ideas

The story of the Minotaur is a classic Greek myth, but like many stories, it has different versions. In one version, the Minotaur was the son of King Minos and Pasiphae, and the result of a curse inflicted by Poseidon. In another version, the Minotaur was the offspring of a bull that Minos had promised to sacrifice to Poseidon, but then decided to keep for himself. King Minos was then punished by Poseidon when the bull impregnated Pasiphae, leading to the birth of the Minotaur. The Minotaur was eventually killed by the hero Theseus. What is the main idea of the passage?

What is the main idea of the passage?

Craft and Structure

Many people believe that the use of social media can be detrimental to the development of a person's social skills. They cite that social media platforms are filled with "performative" interactions that encourage people to present an idealized version of themselves, which may cause anxiety and depression. However, studies have shown that some social media platforms can actually lead to increased levels of social interaction and deeper connection. This is likely because some platforms are designed to facilitate authentic self-expression and promote meaningful connections, while others focus on engaging with a wider audience. Ultimately, the effects of social media on social skills are complex and depend on individual choices and the platforms used. Which sentence describes the most likely reason why the author uses the word “ultimately”?

In this passage, the word "ultimately" is used to

Information and Ideas

A study found that people who regularly consume foods rich in antioxidants, such as berries and leafy green vegetables, tend to have lower rates of heart disease and certain types of cancer than people who do not regularly consume these foods. However, the researchers cautioned that it is not possible to conclude from this study that consuming antioxidant-rich foods causes people to be healthier. What is the most likely reason why the researchers made this caution?

The researchers likely cautioned against attributing the lower rates of disease to antioxidant-rich foods because

Information and Ideas

The following excerpt is from a historical essay about the development of the modern symphony orchestra: "The symphony orchestra as we know it today is a relatively recent invention. It is a direct descendent of the court orchestras of the Baroque era, in which musicians performed for the entertainment of nobles and royalty. However, the modern symphony orchestra is far more complex and sophisticated than its Baroque predecessors. The modern orchestra is a vast ensemble of musicians, each playing a specialized instrument, and the repertoire of the modern orchestra is far broader and more varied than that of the Baroque era. The modern symphony orchestra has become a major cultural institution, and its music is enjoyed by millions of people around the world."

What is the main idea of this passage?

Information and Ideas

This passage presents a series of arguments about the value of social media for students. While the first paragraph emphasizes its benefits, the second paragraph highlights its negative effects. The author concludes by arguing for a balanced approach to using social media. Which choice best summarizes the overall argument of the passage?

Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

Information and Ideas

The author argues that the world is becoming increasingly interconnected. This trend is evident in the way people communicate with one another. Technology has made it possible for people to share their ideas and experiences with a wider audience, and as a result, the world has become a smaller place. However, the author notes that this trend also presents challenges. For example, the influx of information can be overwhelming and confusing, and it can be difficult to distinguish between reliable sources and misinformation. What is the most likely reason why the author states the world has become a smaller place?

The author’s statement that the world has become a smaller place suggests that

Information and Ideas

The author explores the complexities of social and cultural change in the novel's central question: How will the characters navigate their evolving identities in a world that is increasingly interconnected but also increasingly divided? The author weaves together the experiences of people from different backgrounds, each of whom struggles to find their place in a rapidly changing world. This exploration of identity and belonging is the heart of the novel, and it is a theme that resonates with readers on a personal level.

Which choice best states the main idea of the passage?

Standard English Conventions

In the early 1900s, a group of women in New York City, frustrated with the limited opportunities available to them, decided to take matters into their own hands. They pooled their resources and founded the Henry Street Settlement, a community center that offered a variety of services, including education, healthcare, and social programs. The settlement quickly became a model for other similar organizations across the country. The Henry Street Settlement was a response to the ____ of the time.

Which choice best completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Craft and Structure

In "Ode to a Nightingale," John Keats uses a series of metaphors to portray the beauty of nature and the power of art. He compares the nightingale’s song to a "light" that "floats" and to "a bloom" that "sways." In this passage, the writer’s use of metaphors is to

In this passage, the writer’s use of metaphors is to

Information and Ideas

It is difficult to find a historical narrative of the early days of the United States that accurately reflects the experiences of women. Most accounts focus on the experiences of men, and they are often written from a white, male perspective. However, more recent works by historians are striving to provide a more inclusive and nuanced account of the past, incorporating the voices and experiences of women, people of color, and other marginalized groups. One of the most powerful ways to do this is by examining the records of everyday life, such as personal letters, diaries, and journals. These records can offer unique insights into the lives and perspectives of those who were often excluded from traditional historical narratives.

The author of this passage suggests that a more accurate and inclusive understanding of history can be found by

Craft and Structure

The author of the text describes the process of “biomimicry,” or using natural forms and processes to solve engineering problems. The author suggests that this approach to engineering is gaining popularity. One example the author gives is the use of the shape of a bird’s wing in the design of aircraft wings. The author notes that by studying and mimicking the design of a bird’s wing, engineers can create more efficient and aerodynamic aircraft. Which is a reason that the author uses the example of a bird’s wing?

The author most likely uses the example of a bird’s wing to

Information and Ideas

A new study suggests that while many animals tend to stay in familiar habitats, a particular type of butterfly, the silver-studded blue, is more likely to flourish in new environments. These butterflies are often found in recently formed limestone quarries, which are sites of active industrial activity, rather than in traditional forest areas. The study goes on to say that the silver-studded blue's ability to thrive in these quarries may be because of the lack of predators and the abundance of food in these areas. What is the main idea of the passage?

The passage suggests that the silver-studded blue butterfly

Information and Ideas

The author is a renowned expert in the field of genetics, and their work is widely recognized by the scientific community. In a recent publication, they discussed the role of a particular gene in the development of certain traits. Their findings have challenged the long-held belief that such traits are completely determined by environmental factors. They assert that the gene can influence the expression of these traits, even in the presence of seemingly constant environmental influences. This discovery has significant implications for our understanding of how nature and nurture interact to shape the characteristics of living organisms. What is the most likely reason why the author discusses the role of the gene?

The author mentions the gene in order to

Standard English Conventions

The researchers concluded that, in fact, as many as half of the hunters in the groups they studied were female. This finding was a direct challenge to the accepted view that female participation in hunting was negligible.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion to create a grammatically correct and stylistically effective sentence?

Standard English Conventions

A study, published in the journal Nature, found that the brains of people who speak more than one language are different from those who speak only one language. The researchers concluded that bilingualism can protect against age-related cognitive decline and may even improve cognitive function. In the journal, the authors of the study wrote that "The brain’s ability to manage multiple languages appears to provide a cognitive reserve, which protects the brain from the damaging effects of age-related decline."

Which of the following is the most effective way to correct the underlined portion of this passage?

Standard English Conventions

The recent discovery of a new species of dinosaur, which has been named Dreadnoughtus by paleontologists, is particularly exciting because it is one of the most complete skeletons of a dinosaur ever found. The skeleton, discovered in Patagonia, Argentina, includes much of the animal’s skull, neck, back, tail, and legs, and it is estimated to have been about 85 feet long and 65 tons in weight. Such a large dinosaur has never been discovered before.

Which choice provides the best way to combine the sentences at the end of the passage into a single sentence?

Craft and Structure

The United States is a vast country, and its diverse population makes it a melting pot of cultures. However, the country’s vast size and diverse population can also make it difficult to understand the nuances of the various cultures that exist within its borders. The most important thing to remember when interacting with people from different cultures is to be respectful and open-minded. What is the most likely reason why the writer chooses to use the phrase "melting pot"?

The phrase "melting pot" is used to

Craft and Structure

The use of language is important in all forms of writing, but it is especially important in poetry. A poet must carefully choose the words that will best convey the intended meaning and evoke the desired emotional response in the reader. One way that a poet can achieve this goal is by using figurative language. Figurative language is language that is not meant to be taken literally. It is often used to create vivid imagery and to make abstract concepts more concrete. For example, the poet might use a metaphor to compare a person to something else. This type of language can help the reader to understand the poet’s ideas and to experience the poem more deeply. It’s a powerful tool. What are the best ways for a writer to use figurative language?

Which of the following is the most effective way to complete the sentence? For example, the poet might use a metaphor to compare a person to something else, ______

Standard English Conventions

The research team found that the type of exercise people prefer, whether it’s vigorous or more moderate, influences the amount of sleep they need. For example, the group who prefers vigorous exercise needs an average of 7 hours of sleep, while those who prefer moderate exercise tend to need 8. This finding suggests that, when designing sleep-tracking devices for athletes, ______ taking into account the type of training regimen athletes are following.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

The two sentences below are combined incorrectly. Which choice best combines the two sentences into one grammatically correct sentence? 1. The scientists worked to develop a new type of artificial muscle. 2. This artificial muscle would be able to contract and expand with greater speed and strength than any natural muscle.

Which choice best combines the two sentences into one grammatically correct sentence?

Standard English Conventions

The Great Wall of China, one of the most impressive feats of engineering in the world, was constructed over many centuries, and it’s a popular tourist destination, attracting millions of visitors each year.

Which choice completes the sentence so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

The following text is adapted from a book about a 19th-century American explorer. The explorer traveled through a region of the United States and kept a journal about his journey. The explorer wrote, “I’ve seen more of this country in the last three months, than I have in all my life. ” Which choice best maintains the style and tone of the passage?

Which choice best replaces the underlined portion?

Information and Ideas

In the early 1960s, American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan released a series of albums that revolutionized the way popular music was made and consumed. Dylan’s music, which embraced a folk-rock sound and often addressed social and political issues, helped to define the counterculture movement of the time. What are the most likely reasons that these albums were so influential?

Which of the following choices best explains why Dylan’s albums were so influential?

Standard English Conventions

A team of scientists studying animal communication recently discovered a new form of communication used by a species of fish. The scientists believe this form of communication might be particularly useful for the species because it can be used to communicate in the dark. To determine whether this is true, the team conducted experiments in the lab. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

To determine whether this is true, the team conducted experiments ______.

Standard English Conventions

The author wants to avoid repeating the same word too many times. If the author wanted to avoid repeating the word "they" in the sentence below, which choice would best replace "they"?

Because the employees were not allowed to use their cell phones, ______ had to work longer hours to complete their assigned tasks.

Standard English Conventions

The following text is adapted from a blog post about the history of the internet. In the early days of the internet, the term "cyberspace" was used to describe the virtual world of computers and networks. The word was coined by science fiction writer William Gibson, who was inspired by the fact that the internet was a place where people could interact and communicate in ways that were not possible in the real world. Gibson’s vision of cyberspace was a world of interconnected computers, data, and information, and it was a world that was constantly evolving and changing. Today, the term "cyberspace" is still used, but it has come to encompass a wider range of technologies and activities, including social media, mobile devices, and the internet of things.

Which choice provides the best way to combine the sentences in the underlined portion of the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Craft and Structure

The author of this book uses a variety of literary devices. For example, the author uses metaphors to help the reader understand complex ideas, and the author uses similes to make comparisons. The author also uses personification to give human qualities to inanimate objects. What is the most likely reason why the writer uses a variety of literary devices in this passage?

The writer most likely uses a variety of literary devices in the passage to

Standard English Conventions

A group of scientists conducted a study to determine if a new type of fertilizer increased crop yields. They planted a specific type of fruit tree in two different plots of land. One plot was treated with the new fertilizer, while the other plot was treated with a standard fertilizer. After several months, the scientists measured the height of each fruit tree in both plots. They found that the fruit trees in the plot that was treated with the new fertilizer had a higher average height than the trees in the control plot, which was treated with the standard fertilizer.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion to create a grammatically correct and stylistically effective sentence?

Craft and Structure

The following excerpt is from a novel. "I know you're not a very good timekeeper." "I'm a bad timekeeper." "You're a very bad timekeeper." "No, I'm a bad timekeeper." The repeated use of the word "timekeeper" in the text is most likely meant to

The repetition of the word "timekeeper" in this passage primarily serves to

Standard English Conventions

In 1985, the United States Congress passed legislation that would give the United States Postal Service the ability to deliver mail to addresses in the Caribbean. The Postal Service’s expansion, however, faced several challenges. One of the most important issues was the difficulty of convincing Caribbean nations that the Postal Service could provide them with a reliable and efficient service.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion to maintain the style and tone of the passage?

Standard English Conventions

A new study on how people learn to speak new languages has found that students who learn the language of a particular culture are more likely to absorb the customs and traditions of that culture. For instance, one study found that university students learning Japanese as a second language were more likely to adopt the cultural norms of Japan than were students who learned other languages.

Which of the following is the most effective way to revise the underlined portion of the sentence so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Craft and Structure

A famous scientist once said that “there is no such thing as a free lunch.” This means that everything has a cost, even if it isn’t immediately apparent. Economists often use this phrase to illustrate the idea that every choice has a trade-off, meaning there will always be something that must be given up in order to gain something else. What is the most likely reason why the scientist put the word "thing" in quotation marks?

The quotation marks around "thing" are most likely used to

Expression of Ideas

The first time I saw the film, I was immediately impressed by its unique style. The film's director, a master of cinematic suspense, uses a variety of techniques to keep the audience on the edge of their seat. The film is sure to be a hit, and its popularity is already growing. Although critics are divided about the film's message, audiences are united in their praise. Which of the following choices would make the passage more cohesive?

Which of the following changes to the sentence Although critics are divided about the film’s message, audiences are united in their praise would make the paragraph more cohesive?

Information and Ideas

The author’s primary goal is to explain why some people are more likely than others to share their opinions on social media. In doing so, the author presents the notion that the sharing of personal opinions on social media is a form of self-expression—but that it’s not always a conscious choice. The author is careful to note, however, that social media platforms can be very effective in spreading information, and that this potential for information spread can be used for good or evil. This is highlighted by the author’s discussion of the fact that social media, despite its potential for social good, can also be used to spread dangerous misinformation. What is the most likely reason why the author mentions the idea of social media being used to spread dangerous misinformation?

The author likely mentions the idea of social media being used to spread dangerous misinformation to

Standard English Conventions

The new cafe on Main Street is known for its delicious pastries, which are made with fresh, local ingredients. The cafe also has a wide selection of coffee drinks, and its baristas are highly skilled in creating latte art. The cafe is open until 10 p.m. every night, offering a late-night option for those seeking a sweet treat or a caffeine fix. The cafe is already a popular spot for locals and tourists alike.

Which choice provides the best punctuation for the underlined portion of the passage?

Standard English Conventions

The scientists concluded that the __changes in the environment on the banks of the Provo River downstream of the Jordanelle Dam were not necessarily the direct consequence of the dam’s construction. __

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Information and Ideas

The following text is from a novel about a young woman named Alice, who is struggling to adjust to life in a new city. She has a job interview at a large company, and she is anxious about the outcome. She is determined to make a good impression, so she practices her answers in the mirror. She knows that the interview will be crucial to her success, and she is determined to impress the interviewer with her knowledge and experience. What is the main idea of the passage?

Which choice best states the main idea of the passage?

Standard English Conventions

The first time she saw a sea turtle hatchling, the young woman, who had always been terrified of reptiles, felt a rush of tenderness. "It’s just like a little dinosaur," she thought. "Except, you know, much smaller, cuter, and it doesn’t have teeth."

Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion?

Craft and Structure

A recent study by the American Medical Association found that many patients are hesitant to use telemedicine, or remote medical care, because of concerns about privacy and the quality of care. However, patients who have used telemedicine reported higher satisfaction rates and more positive experiences than those who have not. What is the most likely reason why the writer uses the word "however"?

In this passage, the word "however" is used to

Standard English Conventions

The first time that the United States successfully launched a rocket into space was in 1958. That event, which some historians consider the start of the space race, was a major turning point in human history.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Expression of Ideas

A study of 100 students who were planning to major in science, technology, engineering, or math (STEM) fields found that students who were required to take a course in logic were more likely to graduate on time than students who were not required to take a course in logic. The students who were required to take a course in logic tended to have better critical thinking skills than those who were not required to take a course in logic.

Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion?

Standard English Conventions

When it comes to our diets, we often focus on the big things: the amount of fat and sugar we eat. But the small things —the condiments we use—can have a big impact on our overall health. Take ketchup, for example. Many people believe that ketchup is a healthy choice because it is made with tomatoes, which are high in lycopene. However, the high sugar content of most commercially produced ketchups means they can contribute to weight gain and other health problems. So, while a tomato-based ketchup may seem like a healthy choice, it's important to read the nutrition labels carefully to make sure that you are not consuming too much sugar. "Which of the following choices most effectively completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?"

When it comes to our diets, we often focus on the big things: the amount of fat and sugar we eat. But the small things —the condiments we use—can have a big impact on our overall health. Take ketchup, for example. Many people believe that ketchup is a healthy choice because it is made with tomatoes, which are high in lycopene. However, the high sugar content of most commercially produced ketchups means they can contribute to weight gain and other health problems. So, while a tomato-based ketchup may seem like a healthy choice, it's important to read the nutrition labels carefully to make sure that you are not consuming too much sugar.

Standard English Conventions

The sentence "Having failed to catch the train, the traveler had to walk to the station" is grammatically correct. But, there are other ways to phrase this sentence. Which of the following revisions is the most effective at making the sentence more concise?

Which choice is the most concise revision of the sentence "Having failed to catch the train, the traveler had to walk to the station"?

Standard English Conventions

The artist’s work, a series of abstract paintings, are known for their vibrant colors and expressive textures.

Which choice best corrects the grammatical error in the sentence?

Expression of Ideas

The following sentence is taken from a short story about a young woman who is traveling alone for the first time and is trying to be independent. "She was determined not to call her parents, even though she missed them terribly."

Which of the following revisions to the sentence is most effective at providing a transition to the next sentence, which discusses how the woman copes with missing her family?

Standard English Conventions

After a long day of working in the hot sun, the construction crew was ready to leave. They eagerly made their way to the nearby ice cream shop, which they knew had the best ice cream in town. Each member of the crew ordered a double scoop, enjoying the sweet treat. They were all looking forward to the next day, when they would be able to start working on the next part of the project.

Which choice provides the best way to combine the first two sentences of the passage?

Standard English Conventions

The team’s newest member, a highly accomplished violinist from Russia, brought a unique perspective to the orchestra’s repertoire. She was able to interpret classical compositions in a way that highlighted both the technical brilliance and the emotional depth of the music.

Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion?

Standard English Conventions

After a long day of hiking, I was eager to relax. As I settled into my hammock, the gentle breeze, rustling the leaves of the surrounding trees, lulled me to sleep. The sounds of the forest were a symphony of nature, creating a sense of peace and tranquility.

Which choice provides the most effective way to combine the first two sentences of this passage?

Standard English Conventions

The following sentence is grammatically incorrect. Which choice corrects the grammatical error? After the team’s victory, the coach giving a speech in the locker room, praising the players’ hard work and dedication.

Which choice corrects the grammatical error in the sentence?

Craft and Structure

The author's use of language in the passage is notable for its precision and clarity. For instance, the writer uses the phrase "the delicate balance of power" to describe the relationship between the two characters. This phrase is both evocative and accurate, capturing the subtle tension that exists between them. The author's choice of words is not only effective but also contributes to the overall tone of the passage, which is one of suspense and intrigue. However, the phrase "a delicate balance of power" is also somewhat cliché. Which choice best replaces the underlined phrase to create a more precise and original sentence?

Which of the following phrases most effectively replaces the underlined phrase to create a more precise and original sentence?

Standard English Conventions

The first time a person is introduced to a new idea or concept, it often has a strong impact. This effect can be especially striking when the new information challenges the way that we think about the world. For example, when I first learned about the dangers of climate change, ______.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

The most important thing to remember about writing is to be clear. You should always write in a way that is easy for the reader to understand. For example, avoid using jargon or technical terms that the reader might not be familiar with, and make sure that your sentences are well-constructed and grammatically correct. How do you write clearly?

Which choice provides the best punctuation for the sentence: “For example, avoid using jargon or technical terms that the reader might not be familiar with, and make sure that your sentences are well-constructed and grammatically correct”?

Standard English Conventions

The first edition of "The Complete Works of William Shakespeare" was published in 1623 and contained 36 plays, including "The Tempest," "Hamlet," and "Romeo and Juliet." The text is a compilation of all of Shakespeare’s plays, and it is considered to be the definitive source for his work.

Which choice most effectively combines the two sentences at the end of the passage? The text is a compilation of all of Shakespeare’s plays, and it is considered to be the definitive source for his work.

Information and Ideas

The following excerpt is from the preface to a book on nineteenth-century fashion: "The world of nineteenth-century textiles was a fascinating one, full of rich textures, bold patterns, and intricate designs. Women—and men—of the time, took great pride in their dress, often choosing fabrics and styles that reflected their social status, their individual tastes, or simply their desire for the most elaborate and eye-catching garments. However, in this complex and ever-changing world, the art of dressmaking itself was a difficult one, requiring great skill and precision. This is why many women sought the help of professional seamstresses, who would assist them in fashioning garments that would make them feel confident and elegant." Which choice best states the main idea of this excerpt?

This excerpt is mainly about

Standard English Conventions

The musician’s new album, _The Sound of Silence_, is a collection of instrumental pieces that explore themes of solitude, reflection, and the beauty of nature. The album was recorded in a small studio in the countryside, and the musician’s goal was to create a sound that was both intimate and expansive. The album’s title reflects the musician’s desire to capture the quiet moments of contemplation that are often overlooked in the hustle and bustle of everyday life.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

Gathering accurate data on water flow in the United States is challenging because of the country’s millions of miles of ______ the volume and speed of water at any given location can vary drastically over time.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

The first time I saw a red panda, it was at the zoo. These creatures are small and cute, with a reddish-brown fur, a long bushy tail, and a distinctive white facial marking. Red pandas are native to the eastern Himalayas, and their diet primarily consists of bamboo. However, these animals are endangered, their numbers declining due to habitat loss and poaching.

Which choice provides the best way to combine the sentences in the underlined portion, making it a single sentence?

Standard English Conventions

Many animals communicate with each other using a variety of sounds, scents, and visual signals, for example, birds may use songs, insects may use pheromones, and chimpanzees may use facial expressions. Which sentence best exemplifies the use of a semicolon in the passage?

Which sentence in this passage correctly uses a semicolon to separate two independent clauses?

Standard English Conventions

The new policy, which would significantly impact how the school interacts with local businesses, ______ proposed by the headmaster.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

The passage describes an artist who is known for her use of color in her paintings. The artist believes that color can be a powerful tool for expressing emotion and telling stories. She uses vibrant hues to create a sense of joy and energy, and she uses darker colors to create a sense of melancholy and introspection. The artist’s work is often described as being both and .

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise words that maintain the parallel structure of the sentence?

Standard English Conventions

The study concluded that people who meditate regularly, even for short periods of time, exhibit improved levels of concentration and focus. They also found that, meditation can help people to reduce stress and anxiety. The research team further emphasized, the importance of finding ways to incorporate meditation into daily life to promote overall well-being.

Which choice best corrects the punctuation error in the passage?

Standard English Conventions

A new study suggests that the way people use language can be more revealing about their personality than the way they use body language. The study’s authors discovered that a person’s vocabulary and syntax—the structure of their sentences—can be more significant than their body language in revealing their true personality. Researchers found that those with a larger vocabulary and more complex sentence structures, for example, tend to be more thoughtful and analytical.

Which of the following revisions would correct a grammatical error in the passage?

Standard English Conventions

The world’s first commercially available personal computer, the Kenbak-1, was released in 1971. It was designed by John Blankenbaker, a software developer, and it featured a keyboard, a display, and a small amount of internal memory. The Kenbak-1 was intended for use in educational settings, allowing students to learn about computer programming. It is an important part of the history of computing, because it was a forerunner of the more sophisticated personal computers that would become popular in the 1980s.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion to create a grammatically correct and stylistically effective sentence?

Standard English Conventions

“The Great Gatsby,” a 1925 novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is often cited as the most important work of the American literary canon. Many of its themes, such as the pursuit of the American Dream, the dangers of wealth, and the corrosive effects of social class, are still relevant today. The novel is set in the Roaring Twenties, a period of great economic prosperity and social change in the United States. The novel’s main character, Jay Gatsby, is a wealthy, mysterious, and ultimately tragic figure whose pursuit of the American Dream leads to his downfall. The novel's setting, Long Island, New York, provides a backdrop for the story’s themes of wealth, social class, and the pursuit of the American Dream.

Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion to create a grammatically correct and stylistically sound sentence?

Information and Ideas

The city council is considering a proposal to build a new park in the neighborhood. The park would include a playground, a walking trail, and a community garden. The council is asking for public input on the proposal before a vote. What is the most likely reason why the council is asking for public input before a vote?

The city council is asking for public input on the proposal ______

Standard English Conventions

“The great thing about the Internet,” the speaker said, “is that you can access information from anywhere in the world at any time.”

Which choice most effectively combines the two sentences into a single sentence without changing the meaning?

Standard English Conventions

The use of commas is important in writing. It helps to separate phrases and clauses within a sentence. A comma is usually placed before a conjunction such as "and" or "but" when it joins two independent clauses. This helps to make the sentence clear and easier to read. For example, the sentence "The cat sat on the mat, and the dog watched him" is easier to read than "The cat sat on the mat and the dog watched him." This is because the comma helps to separate the two independent clauses.

Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?

Expression of Ideas

The following is a paragraph adapted from a short story. While the sentence is grammatically correct, it may not be the most effective way to present the information. The writer is trying to convey that the character has learned to adapt to the difficult circumstances he faces. Which choice best improves the sentence by providing a more precise and effective use of language? The farmer had to learn to adapt to the harsh conditions of the land, he worked long hours and endured the heat and cold.

Which choice provides the most effective and precise use of language?

Standard English Conventions

A recent study found that people are more likely to remember information when they have a personal connection to it. In other words, the more meaningful the information is to someone, the more likely they are to recall it. For instance, people are more likely to remember the name of their first pet than they are to remember the names of all the U.S. presidents. This is because they have a personal connection to the names of their pets, but they do not have a personal connection to the names of all the U.S. presidents. This suggests that meaningfulness plays a role in memory.

Which of the following revisions to the underlined portion of the passage would be most effective in improving the clarity and conciseness of the passage?

Standard English Conventions

The chef, *known for his creative use of local ingredients* was excited to be working with the new produce at the market. He had spent the last few months exploring the area’s farms and learning about the sustainable practices used to cultivate their bounty.

Which choice best combines the underlined portion into a single, correctly punctuated sentence?

Information and Ideas

The author of the novel is a master of suspense, weaving a complex web of clues and red herrings that keep the reader guessing until the very end. But the novel also has a strong emotional impact, exploring themes of love, loss, and redemption. The author’s ability to blend these elements is what makes the novel so compelling. What is the most likely reason why the author blended suspense and emotional themes?

The blending of suspense and emotional themes in the novel most likely serves to

Information and Ideas

A certain type of algae, called Chondrus crispus, is found in cold, rocky marine environments. It is a crucial source of carrageenan, a substance commonly used as a thickener in foods like ice cream. In 2022, researchers at the University of California, San Diego, noted that populations of C. crispus in the state are declining. The reasons for this decline are unclear, but the researchers suggested that human activity may be a factor. The population of C. crispus was much higher in the 1990s than it is today. It was not until recent years that they noticed a change in the population of the algae. The decline in algae populations is not necessarily the result of human activity. The researchers are looking at other possible explanations for this decline. The researchers hope to identify the root cause of the decline by studying the algae over time. What is the main idea of the passage?

Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

Standard English Conventions

The following text is from Bram Stoker’s 1897 novel Dracula. The narrator is being driven in a carriage through a remote region at night. The baying of the wolves sounded nearer and nearer, as though they were closing round on us from every side. I grew dreadfully afraid, and the horses shared my fear. The driver, however, was not in the least disturbed; he kept turning his head to left and right, but I could not see anything through the darkness. Which choice best maintains the parallel structure of the sentence?

Which choice best maintains the parallel structure of the sentence?

Standard English Conventions

The author of the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is Mark Twain. The story follows the experiences of Huckleberry Finn, a young boy who runs away from home and travels down the Mississippi River with an escaped slave. Twain's novel is widely considered to be a classic of American literature. It has been praised for its realism, its humor, and its social commentary.

Which of the following choices is the most effective way to combine the last two sentences of the passage to maintain the grammatical coherence of the passage?

Standard English Conventions

In the early 1900s, the term "jazz" was used to describe a variety of musical styles, but it became associated with a particular style of music that originated in New Orleans. During the 1920s, jazz music was often played in clubs and dance halls. By the 1930s, jazz music was a global phenomenon, and it has since influenced many other musical styles. Jazz musicians use improvisation—playing music spontaneously, without a written score. This creates a sense of excitement and energy that is unique to jazz music.

Which choice best completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

The author of this article, a historian of American literature, is writing a critical essay on the poet Walt Whitman. The author wishes to emphasize the importance of Whitman's work by noting that it is still read and studied today. Which choice best completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

The band's recent album, "The Light in Our Shadows", is a powerful and moving reflection on themes of loss, hope, and resilience. The music, however, ______ the lyrics, which are often introspective and deeply personal, suggesting a strong connection between the band's musical style and their experiences.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

The new director of the local symphony, a renowned conductor, is a talented musician with a long history of working with orchestras. Before joining the symphony, he had led orchestras in several countries, but he is looking forward to the challenges of leading a new group of musicians in the United States.

Which choice best maintains the parallel structure of the sentences?

Standard English Conventions

The debate surrounding the benefits of social media is ongoing. While some argue that it can be used to connect with people, others warn of its potential negative impacts. It is not possible to prove definitively that social media is either helpful or harmful, but it is clear that it has become a pervasive and powerful force in modern society.

Which of the following best explains the purpose of the semicolon in the sentence "It is not possible to prove definitively that social media is either helpful or harmful, but it is clear that it has become a pervasive and powerful force in modern society."?

Information and Ideas

The use of commas and semicolons is important in writing because they can help to make a text more clear and readable. There are a number of rules that govern the use of commas and semicolons. One of the most common errors that writers make is misusing commas and semicolons. For example, a writer might use a comma to separate two independent clauses when they should use a semicolon. What is the most likely reason why writers misuse commas and semicolons?

In this passage, the statement "For example, a writer might use a comma to separate two independent clauses when they should use a semicolon." is used to

Standard English Conventions

The following text is from a science textbook about the anatomy of the human eye. The human eye is an organ that is responsible for sight. The retina is a light-sensitive layer of tissue that is located at the back of the eye and contains specialized cells called photoreceptors that are responsible for converting light into electrical signals that the brain can interpret. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The retina, which ____ at the back of the eye, contains specialized cells called photoreceptors.

Standard English Conventions

The scientist’s research, which focused on the effects of climate change on the planet’s coral reefs, was groundbreaking, publishing in one of the top scientific journals.

Which of the following is the most effective way to combine the sentences above and to correct the punctuation error?

Standard English Conventions

The poet Maya Angelou was known for her vivid imagery, her powerful voice, and her ability to evoke emotion. She received numerous awards and recognitions for her work including the National Medal of Arts and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Angelou was also a celebrated author, singer, dancer, and actress. Angelou's work continues to inspire people around the world.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion to maintain the style and tone of the passage?

Standard English Conventions

Many people enjoy the thrill of a surprise party—the excitement of seeing a friend or loved one’s face light up with joy when they walk into a room and realize they’ve been tricked. But, the joy of a surprise party is only felt by the person being surprised. For the rest of the people who planned and organized it, there’s no reward for their efforts but the pleasure of knowing they pulled it off.

Which choice best corrects the punctuation error in the passage?

Standard English Conventions

The author of the book The Great Gatsby is F. Scott Fitzgerald. It’s often suggested that the popularity of this book has increased since the 2000s. Many people in recent years have come to view the book as a commentary on American culture. What is the most effective way to combine the sentences?

Which choice combines the sentences in the passage so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

The city council decided to rename the park after a beloved local hero, a decision that was met with ______.

Which of the following choices correctly completes the sentence above?

Information and Ideas

The story follows a young woman named Anna, who is struggling to make sense of her life after a traumatic event. The story is told through a series of flashbacks, which are used to show how the event impacted Anna’s relationships and worldview. The reader learns about Anna’s past, her dreams, and her hopes for the future. The story ultimately ends with Anna finding a new sense of peace and acceptance, but the path to get there was not easy. The story is a testament to the resilience of the human spirit. What is the most likely reason why the author chose to tell the story through a series of flashbacks?

The author most likely uses flashbacks in this story to

Standard English Conventions

The novel follows the lives of two sisters, Amelia and Beatrice, who are as different as night and day. Amelia is a bookish, introspective young woman, always lost in her thoughts, while Beatrice is vibrant and outgoing, a social butterfly who loves to be the center of attention. While they are vastly different, their bond is unbreakable, and they support each other through thick and thin.

Which choice best completes the sentence so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

When the teacher asked, "What is the capital of France?" the students all shouted "Paris!" in unison. The teacher smiled, pleased with their enthusiastic response, and began to discuss the history of the city.

Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion to create a grammatically correct and stylistically appropriate sentence?

Expression of Ideas

The history of American popular music is a rich and varied one, full of experimentation and innovation. From the earliest days of ragtime to the rise of hip-hop, musicians have constantly pushed the boundaries of what music can be. This creative spirit is evident in the wide range of musical genres that have emerged in the United States, from jazz to rock and roll to country to electronic dance music. No matter what your musical tastes, you’re sure to find something to enjoy in the vast and ever-evolving landscape of American popular music.

Which choice provides the best transition between the first and second sentences?

Standard English Conventions

The following text is adapted from a news article about the latest discoveries in the field of astronomy. The discovery of a planet that is the size of Jupiter, but orbits its star in just 8.5 days, has caused astronomers to rethink what is possible, and the findings have been described as “a paradigm shift” in the field. The planet, which has been given the designation GJ 3470b, has a mass that is about 70% of Jupiter’s, but it orbits its star at a distance of only 1% of the distance between Jupiter and the Sun. As a result of its close proximity to its star, GJ 3470b is estimated to have a surface temperature of more than 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit. The most surprising aspect of the discovery, however, is the planet’s rapid orbital speed, which can only be explained by its proximity to its host star.

Which choice provides the best way to combine the second and third sentences in the passage so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

The first time humans landed on the moon was a momentous occasion. However, the journey, beginning in 1961, was a long and arduous one. Many people worked tirelessly for years to get humans to the moon. And the success of the Apollo 11 mission is a credit to the many individuals whose work made it possible.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion to create a grammatically correct and stylistically effective sentence?

Information and Ideas

The first person to walk on the moon, Neil Armstrong, famously said, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." However, recordings of Armstrong's transmission show that he actually said, "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind." What explains the discrepancy between Armstrong's spoken words and the transcript of his transmission?

The discrepancy is likely due to

Information and Ideas

The author of this article argues that the use of social media has had a significant impact on the way people communicate, but that it is important to remember that face-to-face interactions are still valuable. One of the author’s main arguments is that social media can be a distraction that prevents people from engaging in meaningful conversations. For example, the author points to a study that found people who are frequently interrupted during a conversation by text messages are less likely to remember what was said. This finding suggests that social media can prevent people from being fully present in their interactions with others. The author concludes by suggesting that people should be mindful of the potential impact of social media on their communication and make an effort to engage in more face-to-face interactions. What choice best describes the main idea of the passage?

This article mainly emphasizes that social media has

Standard English Conventions

The musician, who was born in a small town, has traveled extensively and performed in many countries. But the musician has never forgotten the small town where he grew up, and he often returns to visit his family and friends.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion to create a grammatically correct and stylistically effective sentence?

Standard English Conventions

The discovery of the fossilized remains of a mixopterid eurypterid, known as a sea scorpion, on the paleocontinent of Gondwana, was significant because it expanded the understanding of mixopterids’ geographical distribution.

Which of the following is the most effective way to revise the sentence so that it conforms to the conventions of standard English?

Expression of Ideas

The most recent studies indicate that the benefits of being bilingual extend far beyond improved communication skills. Not only does learning a second language make it easier to acquire new skills, ______ it also improves overall cognitive ability.

Standard English Conventions

The passage below is adapted from a science textbook discussing the process of photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide + Water + Sunlight \to Sugar + Oxygen

This equation shows that the process of photosynthesis, which plants use to create their own food, results in the production of sugar and oxygen. The sugar is used by the plant for growth and energy, while the oxygen is released into the atmosphere.

Which choice best combines the sentences at the underlined portion so that they are grammatically correct and maintain the meaning of the passage?

Craft and Structure

The author of the novel "A Handful of Dust" describes a scene in which a character, Tony Last, is forced to make a difficult decision: "Last was a man who knew, to the marrow of his being, that he had done everything he could do to make the world a better place. He had given his heart and soul to the task. But now, the world seemed to be slipping away from him, and he was left with nothing but a handful of dust." What is the effect of the author's use of figurative language in this sentence?

Which choice best describes the effect of the author's use of figurative language in this sentence?

Standard English Conventions

The following text is adapted from Toni Morrison’s 1970 novel The Bluest Eye. Pecola Breedlove, a young Black girl, is ostracized by her community for her dark skin and her appearance.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Standard English Conventions

“The great, the small, the young, the old—all have a stake in the future of this city,” the mayor proclaimed, addressing the diverse crowd gathered for the town’s annual Founders Day celebration. “And it is up to us to ensure that our community continues to grow, to thrive, and to ______.

Which choice completes the sentence with the most logical and grammatically correct transition?

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